天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 综合利用多源遥感影像和实地勘察资料识别天山北坡高山林线分布格局,结合区域气象数据和土壤理化性质,分析天山北坡林线分布的生态地理特征。结果表明:①天山北坡林线分布高度大约在2 600～2 850 m,从西向东林线分布高度呈上升趋势,奇台至巴里坤段林线高度上升最为显著；伊犁河谷段与玛纳斯段林线垂直宽度较宽。②影响天山北坡林线分布高度的关键气候因子为生长季温度（如年生物学温度3.35 ℃,最热月均温10.49 ℃,生长季均温8.26 ℃）,特别是年生物学温度,能较好的指示天山北坡高山林线分布位置,且各气候指标均在全国均值范围之内,而影响巴音布鲁克地区森林发育的主要原因为冬季低温干旱。③伊犁林线过渡带和玛纳斯林线过渡带有机质、全氮及全磷的含量最高；酸碱性大致以阜康林线为界,向西呈酸性,向东呈碱性；土壤营养物质主要分布于表层（0～10 cm）,深层(30～80 cm)含量低且变化不显著,具有明显的“表聚现象”；下层土壤pH值从西向东逐渐由弱酸性向弱碱性过渡；电导率空间变异性较强,各层变化特征不显著。

关键词: 天山北坡, 高山林线, 气候指标, 土壤属性, 雪岭云杉

Abstract: Spatial variation of alpine timberline altitude on northern slope of Tianshan Mountains is confirmed by remote sensing and field survey data, and its eco-geographical characteristics are analyzed in this study. Results show that: (1) The altitude of alpine timberlines is between 2 600 m and 2 850 m. It ascends gradually from west to east, and changes significantly from Qitai to Balikun. The width of alpine timberlines in Ili and Manas is wider than that in other regions. (2) The altitude of alpine timberlines is controlled by growing season temperature, i.e. annual biotemperature, mean temperature for the warmest month, mean temperature for growing season. The parameter of annual biotemperature is better to indicate the altitude of alpine timberline than other parameters. The values of parameters are all within the range of the average values across China. The main factor influencing forest development in Bayinbuluk is low temperature and drought in winter. (3) The contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the timberline ecotones of Ili and Manas are higher than in other timberline ecotones. The Fukang timberline is the turning point of soil acidity and alkalinity, westwards soil is acid and eastwards is alkaline. Soil nutrients mainly exist in the surface layer(0—10 cm), low and no significant difference in the deep layer(30—80 cm), showing significant surface-convergence phenomenon. The change of pH value of deep soil from west to east is from weak acid to weak alkaline. The spatial variability of electric conductivity is significant, but there is no distinct difference among different layers.

Key words: northern slope of Tianshan Mountains, alpine timberline, climatic parameters, soil properties, Picea schrenkiana

中图分类号:

S717

李艳忠, 罗格平, 周德成, 尹昌应, 韩其飞. 天山北坡高山林线分布的生态地理特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2012, 32(1): 122-131.

LI Yan-zhong, LUO Ge-ping, ZHOU De-cheng, YIN Chang-ying, HAN Qi-fei. Eco-geographical Characteristics of Alpine Timberlines on Northern Slope of Tianshan Mountains[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2012, 32(1): 122-131.

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