土库曼斯坦地处亚洲中部干旱区西南部，沙漠广布，水资源短缺，是阿姆河等跨界河流水资源的主要消耗区，水资源利用问题及矛盾十分突出。开展该国水资源及其开发利用研究，对研究跨界河流及极度干旱区水资源可持续利用具有重要的借鉴意义。土库曼斯坦是中亚水资源总量最少的国家，河流多数跨界，出入境水量约为233×108 m3，可利用水量远大于国内水资源总量，其中地表水资源总量约为9.39×108 m3，地下水可开采量为5.69×108 m3，而该国最主要的水利工程——卡拉库姆运河调来了阿姆河近1/3的水量，增加了灌溉面积。在水资源利用中，实际用水量的90%以上被用于农业灌溉，工业用水占7%左右，城市生活用水占2%。土库曼斯坦水资源主要靠调水工程和灌渠从界外引入，由于缺乏技术和资金支持，基础设施老化、管理混乱、水资源纷争复杂多变等水资源利用问题十分突出。在全球变化背景下，土库曼斯坦应加强在水资源的合理配置与高效利用、水资源国际合作等方面的工作，合理开发利用水资源。
Turkmenistan is located in the southwestern of the arid central Asia, where water resources shortage is the main water resource problems. Water resource utilization is one of the important scientific issues for sustainable development and management of water resources in Turkmenistan. Based on the extensive collection of hydrology, water resources utilization and the actual survey data, the general situations of main rivers, lakes, precipitation, runoff, and groundwater of Turkmenistan were introduced, and introduced that its main engineering (canals, irrigation system, etc.) and utilization of water resources, diagnosis the main problems existing in the development and utilization of water resources are analyzed in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan has the lowest total water resources of central Asia, the majority of rivers are transboundary rivers, entry and exit water is 233×108 m3, the amount of available water is greater than the domestic water resources, the surface water resources is 9.39×108 m3, groundwater exploitation is 5.69×108 m3, and the major water project- Karakum Canal divert nearly a third of the water in Amu Darya, increasing the irrigated area. In water resources utilization, more than 90% of the actual water consumption is used for agricultural irrigation, industrial water accounts for about 7%, urban domestic water accounts for 2%. Under the background of global change, Turkmenistan should strengthen the rational allocation of water resources, efficient use and international cooperation. This study will provide a reference for the sustainable development of water resources for the future development of Turkmenistan.
[1] 邓铭江,龙爱华,章毅,等.中亚五国水资源及其开发利用评价[J].地球科学进展,2010,25(12):1347-1356.
[2] 胡文俊.咸海流域水资源利用的区域合作问题分析[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(6):821-827.
[3] 邓铭江,龙爱华.咸海流域水文水资源演变与咸海生态危机出路分析[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(6):1363-1375.
[4] 杨立信.中亚三国水资源一体化管理《路线图》[J].水利水电快报,2009,30(1):1-6.
[5] 张宁.中亚国家的水资源合作[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧市场,2005,10:20-26.
[6] 付颖昕.中亚的跨境河流与国家关系[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.
[7] 冯怀信.水资源与中亚地区安全[J].俄罗斯中亚东欧研究,2004,(4):63-69.
[8] МИНИСТЕРСТВО,ОХРАНЫ ПРИРОДЫ,ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА.Cостояние окружающей среды Туркменистана[M].Ашхабад.2009.
[9] United Nations.Strengthening Cooperation for Rational and Efficient Use of Water and Energy Resources in Central Asia[R].NewYork:UN,2004.
[10] Rajapov M,Yazkuliyav A,et al.National Environmental Action Plan[Z].Ashgabat,Ministry of Nature Protection,2002.
[11] Orlovsky L,Orlovsky N.Water Resources of Turkmenistan:Use and Conservation[Z].Israel,The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research,Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,Sede Boker Campuc,2005.19.
[12] Pospelov E M.Geografic Heskiye Nazvaniya Mira[M].Moscow,Russia:1998:369.
[13] 李均力,陈曦,包安明,等.2003-2009年中亚地区湖泊水位变化的时空特征[J].地理学报,2011,66(9):1219-1229.
[14] ICWC.Interstate commission for water coordination of Central Asia[DB/OL].http://www.icwc-aral.uz.
[15] UNECE.Our waters:Joining hands across borders:First assessment of transboundary rivera,lakes and groundwaters[R].New York,USA:UN,2007.
[16] UNECE/ESCAP.Strengthening cooperation for rational and efficient use of water and energy resources in central Asia[R].New York USA:UN,2004.
[17] Dukhovny V A.Water and globalization:case study of Central Asia[J].Irrigation and Drainage,2007,56:489-507.
[18] 杨立信.土库曼斯坦列宁-卡拉库姆运河调水工程[J].水利发展研究,2002,5:42-45.
[19] Hannan T.A solution to the Aral Sea Crisis:sustainable water use in Central Asia[J].Water and Environment Journal,2000,(3):213-218.
[20] 杨恕,陈焘.咸海——危机和前途[J].兰州大学学报(社会科学版),1998,(1):119-126.
[21] Stanchin I,Lerman Z.Water in Turkmenistan[R].The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,the Center for Agriculture Economic Research,the Department of Agricultural Economic and Management,2005.19.
[22] SCI ICWC,GWP CACENA.Integrated Water Resources Management:Putting Good Theory into Real Practice Central Asian Experience[R].Tashkent:SIC ICWC,2009.
[23] 莉达.中亚水资源纠纷由来与现状[J].国际资料信息,2009,(9):25-29.
[24] 张静,刘磊.前苏联时期中亚地区的水资源管理问题[J].河西学院学报,2005,21(6):94-96.
[25] 玛莎·布瑞尔·奥卡特.中亚的第二次机会[M].李维建译.北京:时事出版社,2007:26-27.
甘公网安备 62010202000688号