This paper, by using ground observation data with Landsat TM data and MODIS data, based on upscaling method,employing the modified three-band maximal gradient difference model which reverses vegetation fractional cover, analyzed the spatial-tempo change characters as well as dynamic changes of vegetation fractional cover on the mainstream of the Tarim River during 2000-2013. The result indicated that:(1) The method of upscaling combined with ground observation data, Landsat TM and MODIS data could realize the analysis of vegetation changes of a wide range during long time series, scale conversion error controlled within 4%; (2) The maximum value of vegetation fractional cover appeared in July and August within a year on the mainstream of the river, the annual average vegetation fractional cover changes overall showed a positive trends where the range of vegetation fractional cover between 18.67%-23.67% on the upper reaches, 10.6%-12.44% on the middle reaches, 4.7%-6% on the lower reaches. There was a remarkable increase during 2000-2006 and a small fluctuation during 2006-2013; (3) The fractional vegetation cover on the mainstream had a significant spatial variation. The upper reaches had a highest growth rate, followed by the middle reaches, the lower reaches had a minimum growth rate. The growth rate of upper reaches was 0.37%, the growth rate of the middle reaches was 0.06%, but there is no significant change trend in it, the growth rate of lower reaches wass 0.05%.
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