The Tarim desert oilfield is located in the interior of mobile dune groups in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert, about 200 km away from the oases at its southern and northern edges of the desert. Many rivers at the southern edge of the Tarim basin originate from the Kunlun Mountains, while the formation and distribution of groundwater and the variation characteristics of groundwater chemical property have a close linkage with the cycle and transformation of surface water in the southern region. In this study the samples of river water, spring water, lake water and groundwater in the south of the desert oilfield were collected for the analysis of water quality, and thereby it was got the preliminarily understand on distribution features, quality conditions and chemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater. The results can provide the basic data for the rational developing and use of water resources in this region.