Sustainability assessment of human-earth systems from ecosystem service supply-demand perspectives： evidence from Horqin Sandy Land， China
Received date: 2025-05-31
Revised date: 2025-07-10
Online published: 2025-08-18
Understanding ecosystem service （ES） supply-demand relationships is crucial for scientifically evaluating human-ecosystem interdependencies and regional sustainability， thereby informing resource management and ecological conservation strategies. As a representative agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China， Horqin Sandy Land faces severe ecological challenges， yet comprehensive assessments of ES flows and human-earth system sustainability remain scarce. This study developed Ecosystem Service Supply （ESSI） and Human Demand （HMDI） indices to quantify ES evolution and spatial matching patterns （2000-2023）， evaluating sustainability through supply-demand balance diagnostics. Key findings reveal： （1） Grasslands contributed most significantly to ES provision， with supply services and regulation services stabilizing post-2005 after earlier fluctuations； （2） Spatially consistent patterns featured accelerated demand growth along functional zone peripheries， contrasting with declining internal supply； （3） Pronounced spatial mismatches emerged， particularly low-supply/high-demand zones （29%） concentrated in southern-eastern sectors； （4） Limited sustainability transitions occurred （2.55% significant degradation vs. 2.96% improvement）； （5） Synergistic areas dominated （79.94%）， characterized predominantly by negative synergies （concurrent ES-demand declines）， while trade-offs were minimized within functional zones.
Jianpeng Zhang , Luming Lei , Yuqiang Li , Tianai Li , Xueyong Zhao , Haotong Ren , Hong Jia , Yangyang Wang , Lihan Cui . Sustainability assessment of human-earth systems from ecosystem service supply-demand perspectives： evidence from Horqin Sandy Land， China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2025 , 45(4) : 176 -189 . DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00113
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