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中国沙漠, 2026, 46(1): 175-183 doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00364

干旱区植物水分生态位与物种共存机制

周海,1, 赵文智1, 何志斌1, 田丽慧2, 顾虎利1, 范明彦1,2

1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 中国生态系统研究网络临泽内陆河流域研究站/干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室,甘肃 兰州 730000

2.青海大学 省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室,青海 西宁 810016

Hydrological niche segregation and species coexistence in arid zones

Zhou Hai,1, Zhao Wenzhi1, He Zhibin1, Tian Lihui2, Gu Huli1, Fan Mingyan1,2

1.Linze Inland River Basin Research Station / State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China

2.State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture,Qinghai University,Xining 810016,China

收稿日期: 2025-11-23   修回日期: 2025-12-31  

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金面上项目.  32171876
甘肃省重点研发计划项目.  22ZD6WA036

Received: 2025-11-23   Revised: 2025-12-31  

作者简介 About authors

周海(1985—),男,甘肃古浪人,研究员,研究方向为干旱区同位素生态水文学E-mail:zhouhai1201@lzb.ac.cn , E-mail:zhouhai1201@lzb.ac.cn

摘要

在干旱区,水分是植被群落稳定性与生态系统功能的关键限制因子。为适应干旱胁迫,植物在长期演化中形成了多样的生存策略。植物群落的物种多样性往往依赖于水分条件的时空异质性所驱动的生态位分化,即共存物种沿水文梯度呈现出不同的生长与生存策略。本文系统阐述了水分生态位假说的核心内涵,指出水分生态位分化是植物通过根系分布、物候响应与气孔调节等性状的差异,从而实现对有限水资源的差异化利用。在空间维度上,水分生态位表现为由土壤水分异质性驱动的根系垂直分层以及对不同深度土壤水分的差异化利用;在时间维度上,则通过“储存效应”导致物种响应呈现异质性。此外,气孔性状的种间变异为水分生态位分化提供了重要的生理机制基础。综上所述,水分生态位分化减少物种间对水资源的直接竞争,是促进干旱区植物物种稳定共存、维持群落多样性与生态系统稳定性的核心机制。稳定同位素等技术的发展为量化生态位分化提供了有力工具。深化对这一机制的理解,对于干旱区植被恢复与生态系统管理具有重要的理论和实践意义。

关键词: 荒漠植被 ; 水分生态位分化 ; 物种共存 ; 时空异质性 ; 气孔调节

Abstract

In arid regions, water availability serves as a critical limiting factor governing the stability of plant communities and the functioning of ecosystems. To cope with drought stress, plants have developed diverse survival strategies through long-term evolutionary processes. Species diversity within plant communities often relies on niche differentiation driven by spatiotemporal heterogeneity in water availability, whereby coexisting species exhibit distinct growth and survival strategies along hydrological gradients. This paper systematically elucidates the core principles of the water niche hypothesis, emphasizing that hydrological niche segregatio enables plants to utilize limited water resources differentially through variations in traits such as root distribution, phenological responses, and stomatal regulation. Spatially, water niche differentiation manifests as vertical stratification of root systems driven by soil moisture heterogeneity; temporally, it leads to asynchronous species responses via the "storage effect." Furthermore, interspecific variation in stomatal traits provides a physiological foundation for this differentiation. In summary, hydrological niche segregatio reduces direct interspecific competition for water resources, thereby functioning as a key mechanism promoting stable coexistence among plant species, maintaining community diversity, and ensuring ecosystem stability in arid regions. Advances in techniques such as stable isotope analysis offer robust tools for quantifying niche differentiation. A deeper understanding of this mechanism holds significant theoretical and practical implications for vegetation restoration and ecosystem management in arid zones.

Keywords: desert vegetation ; hydrological niche segregation ; species coexistence ; spatiotemporal heterogeneity ; stomatal regulation

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本文引用格式

周海, 赵文智, 何志斌, 田丽慧, 顾虎利, 范明彦. 干旱区植物水分生态位与物种共存机制. 中国沙漠[J], 2026, 46(1): 175-183 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00364

Zhou Hai, Zhao Wenzhi, He Zhibin, Tian Lihui, Gu Huli, Fan Mingyan. Hydrological niche segregation and species coexistence in arid zones. Journal of Desert Research[J], 2026, 46(1): 175-183 doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00364

0 引言

在干旱区,水分是调控生态系统过程(如CO₂固定、植物生长和呼吸等)及其功能(如净初级生产力,Net Primary Productivity,NPP)的关键限制因子1-2。水分可利用性是植物生长和存活的主要限制因子,极端干旱区年均降水量不足200 mm而蒸发量却常超过2 000 mm的巨大反差,使其形成了独特的植被格局和物种组成3-4。面对严峻的水分胁迫,干旱区植物在长期进化过程中形成了多样的适应策略,其中,植物吸收和利用水分的模式决定了生态系统对环境水分的响应5-6。植物对不同来源水的分化利用对生态系统的水分平衡、植被对水文过程变化的响应以及特定地区物种的分布格局影响显著7。在区域尺度上,水分作为植物群落的基础资源,决定了植被分布格局及不同地区的植被类型8-9,而在局地的群落尺度上,水分有效性不仅直接影响物种的适应性,还通过调节土壤养分和二氧化碳的有效性,间接影响植物生长与发育、微生物活性以及种间相互作用10-11。同生境条件下的物种间因其根系深度、物候特征、生理特征等性状差异,会采取不同的资源利用策略,导致对有限资源的利用在时空尺度上的分割12。从干旱环境到湿地群落,即使是亲缘关系较近的物种,在对水分胁迫的适应能力及其随时间变化的响应上也存在显著差异。这种差异常体现在物种沿水分梯度的空间分布格局上13,反映了植物在水资源利用方面广泛的水文生态位分化特征914

植物群落多样性的形成可归结为两类筛选过程,分别是环境(如水分)对物种的筛选,以及基于物种间及种内相互作用的生物筛选15-16。后者主要源于物种在资源利用效率与相对生长率之间的权衡,这是对资源限制的适应性进化策略17。传统的物种共存理论强调具体的物种共存机制,比如植物对土壤水资源的分化利用、物种资源生态位在时空维度上的分化等18-19。在当代物种共存理论中,当资源分配的差异对同种的限制作用大于对异种的限制时,可促进不同物种的共存20。由此可见,传统和当代物种共存理论都强调了生态位分化对物种稳定共存的重要性1921。植物群落中物种的共存是环境筛选和生物筛选的过程共同作用的结果,生物筛选体现在物种间及种内的相互作用上,而这种相互作用本质上源于水资源限制所导致的水分利用效率与相对生长率之间的权衡17。在水资源有限的生境中,环境条件与资源供应速率在时空上呈现高度异质性,这种异质性为物种共存提供了生态位分化的基础22。植物通常通过关键性状(如根系深度或资源利用的物候)的差异形成不同的资源利用策略,以实现对水分等限制性资源的时空分割1223-24。因此,在水分受限且资源呈脉冲式供应的生态系统中,共存物种间的水文生态位分化是影响植物群落结构的重要机制25-26

氢氧稳定同位素作为水的天然“指纹”,记录了水在循环过程中所经历的地球化学信息,能够综合反映不同系统的地球化学过程及其在各环节中的组成特征,因而在水体来源、运移及混合等动态过程的研究中具有重要作用27-28。Craig等29于1965年提出的水蒸发过程中氢氧同位素分馏模型(Craig-Gordon模型),为稳定同位素技术在水文循环及植物-水分关系研究中的应用奠定了理论与方法学基础。稳定同位素方法可用于构建植物对不同水资源的利用模式,为解决植物水分利用策略等问题提供了有效手段30-31。Moreno-Gutiérrez等32提出“同位素生态位”概念用以表征物种特异性水分利用策略,反映旱区植物群落在生理生态功能上的生态位分化。近年来,可原位部署的激光光谱技术的发展,显著提高了水稳定同位素在连续测量中的时空分辨率33-34。该技术不仅能够在时间尺度上追踪生态系统中水分的运移与相变过程35,还可在空间尺度上揭示植物群落内部的水分交换与水文连通性10,从而为理解植物生态生理机制36及生态系统中物种共存37提供了关键实证依据与新的认知视角。

鉴于水分生态位分化在不同植被类型中广泛存在,且被普遍认为是促进物种共存与维持群落稳定性的关键机制938,本研究阐述了水分生态位研究的关键内容,以深化对其在干旱区植被群落构建与生态恢复中作用的认识。首先,明确了水分生态位的定义,即植物在水分资源利用上所占据的时空位置及功能角色,反映了种间和种内对水分条件的分异适应。其次,分析了水分生态位的时空特征,包括垂直剖面上不同土层水分的利用差异,以及季节性水分可利用性变化对植物吸水策略的影响。并探讨了水分生态位对物种共存的作用机制,主要体现在通过减少对有限水分的直接竞争,实现资源利用的互补与格局优化,从而支持多样性维持。在干旱半干旱区,植物水分生态位分化对植被群落构建具有关键指导意义,不仅有助于解析物种共存机制,也可为人工植被配置、退化生态系统修复等实践提供理论依据,对提升生态系统稳定性和恢复力具有重要价值。

1 水分生态位的定义

自1910年Johnson39首次提出生态位(Niche)概念以来,很多学者对生态位的内涵和外延的认识进行了大量的探索40-42,其中关于物种多样性以及种间关系的研究在很大程度上发展了生态位的概念,并认为生态位分化对维持物种的稳定共存发挥着重要作用43。在植物群落中,共存物种往往通过关键性状(如根系空间分布和资源利用的物候响应)的差异,形成不同的资源利用策略,以实现对水分等限制性资源在时间与空间上的分割1224。干旱区植物在结构与生理特征上的多样性,体现为多样化的水分利用方式以及耐旱或避旱等生态策略。Araya等38提出水文生态位分化(Hydrological niches segregation)假说,指出同一群落中的植物可通过不同的水分吸收能力(如根系深度或叶片吸水性的差异)、气孔调节机制及木质部结构差异来避免或耐受干旱,从而缓解种间竞争。这些功能特征不仅深刻影响水文过程11,也决定了区域物种在抗旱策略上的差异44

水分生态位分化是物种在对水资源的长期竞争过程中形成的一种共存策略,对于植被群落维持其稳定性具有重要作用,其基础是植物与环境要素在长期相互作用过程中形成的特殊性状,使得植物在不同土壤水分梯度下对水资源进行分化利用938。植物的根系结构及其所处环境的水分条件是影响其水分利用模式的关键要素45,且根系空间分布与土壤水分梯度的划分深刻影响着水分生态位的分化过程,继而对物种共存、群落组成与演变以及生态系统的稳定性等具有关键作用46-47。Araya等38和Silvertown等9通过对不同气候区植被类型中共存物种的水分利用策略进行了总结,发现大多数植被类型中存在显著的水分生态位分化现象,并从3个层次上给出了水分生态位分化的定义:①土壤水分在微小尺度(Fine-scale,指物种竞争相同资源的最小距离)上的梯度划分;②植物因根系的空间分异而采取不同水分利用模式,从而实现对水资源的分化利用;③水分供给在时序上的变化格局,所引起特定物种的更新和补充在时间维度上的分化(即储存效应)。显然,水分生态位分化在不同植被类型中广泛存在,当共存物种的特殊性状能够促进物种对水资源的利用在时空维度上存在分异时,水分生态位分化就会发生48。因此,揭示水分生态位分化机制的起点应该是明确植物获取和利用水分的限制条件和权衡关系,并应用适当的模型探索水分生态位分化与物种共存的关联机制。

2 水分生态位的空间特征

空间环境异质性驱动大尺度生物多样性格局与物种组成变化的作用已得到广泛认同。其潜在机制包括提供更广阔的生态位空间、更多抵御不利条件的避难所,以及强化进化分化选择等49。然而,大量在群落内部尺度上的研究表明,空间环境异质性很可能在更小的空间范围内同样有力地促进物种共存50-51。而物种通过空间异质性实现共存需满足若干条件,其中最基本的是不同物种对环境因子具有差异化的响应2048。同时,该变量的空间结构需具备一定的稳定性,以确保植物个体能够完成发芽、生长至生殖成熟,并在环境变动前建立局部种群52-53。在关键植物资源中,在较小空间尺度上,不同位点的土壤含水量常保持相对稳定的排序而备受关注54-55。因此,土壤水分的空间变异可能构成小尺度生态位分化的一个重要资源梯度9

在干旱区,土壤水分的空间格局对植物的生长、种群演替和景观分异等过程具有重要作用56-57,其空间异质性促进了物种的共存51。通常,根系是决定植物功能型的主要特征,其形态结构与土壤水分的有效性密切相关58-59。植物根系的空间分布表现为根系在空间梯度或格点上的存在60-61,其类型或分布深度的不同, 导致不同功能型或者不同年龄的植物利用不同深度的水源,且植物对不同来源水利用的分化会影响生态系统的水分平衡、植被对水文过程变化的响应以及特定地区物种的分布格局7。功能性状高度相似的物种因生态位重叠易在群落中相互排斥62-63,但植物通过功能性状分化(如根系空间构型、资源利用的互补效应等),使其在空间上占据不同的生态位,从而降低种间竞争强度,促进物种的共存64,尤其在资源异质性高的干旱区生态系统中更为显著。为维持物种共存,植物通过生态位分化形成空间互补的资源利用策略,如植物对土壤中水分资源空间上的垂直分层利用19。近年来多项研究表明,植物群落的物种组成通过调控根系互作深刻影响着地下生态过程64-65,而根系互作又通过局部竞争排斥、生态位分化及互补效应等影响区域物种共存与多样性维持66-67

3 水分生态位的时间特征

有研究发现植物可以通过储存效应(storage effect),在时间维度上实现水分生态位的分化,从而促进物种的共存968,即不同物种在繁殖、种子萌发、幼苗更新等阶段对不同量级的水分补给的响应存在差异,因此可通过降低种间同步性来减小种间竞争,从而实现物种对水资源的利用在时间维度上的分化69-71。例如,Angert等68在索诺兰沙漠植物群落中研究发现,物种间生殖成功率的差异部分源于相对生长率与内在水分利用效率之间的生物物理权衡,也是时间存储效应发生的前提。具体而言,低生长率但高水分利用效率的物种能利用小而频繁的降雨事件,而高生长率但低水分利用效率的物种则在大而稀少的降雨事件中表现更佳71-73。类似的时间生态位分离也见于其他生态系统——奇瓦瓦沙漠的两种灌木以及堪萨斯州的3种优势草原草,其物种共存均与对不同规模降雨事件的差异响应有关74-75

土壤水分在季节和年际尺度上普遍存在时间不稳定性,这是植物水分生态位分化区别于其他资源(如养分、光照等)分化利用的独特特征76。Verhulst等74和Overpeck等75发现物种对不同量级降水的差异反应导致了时间生态位的分化,并且通过模型揭示了时间维度上的水分生态位分化显著促进了物种的共存。对共存于同一生境的典型荒漠灌木泡泡刺和红砂的水分利用策略研究证明,泡泡刺和红砂在时间维度上存在水分生态位分化现象77。同时,降水的时序变化对浅根系植物的生活史策略,及其在群落内的分布具有重要影响,而木本植物的生存和生长主要受深层土壤水和地下水变化的影响78。这也与不同物种根系的垂直分布特征相吻合79-80。因此,植物对水资源利用在时间维度上的分化,是植物群落中物种共存和多样性维持的重要前提。

4 水分生态位的气孔调节特征

气孔的调节功能也是影响植物水分生态位分化的关键影响因子。气孔性状主要包括气孔密度、气孔大小及由其衍生的气孔面积指数等81-82。在资源有限条件下,气孔密度与大小通常表现出此消彼长的权衡关系来调节植物对水分的耗散规律,这一模式在从物种到群落的多个尺度上均稳健存在83。叶片气孔导度与水分利用效率是植物关键的生理生态属性84,而识别不同植物分类群和生活型中气孔调节强度(即严格或宽松的气孔控制)与水分利用效率的连续变异,有助于填补当前植物功能多样性指标表征的空白85-86。干旱条件下,植物通常通过降低气孔导度来提高水分利用效率87,但其变化幅度在物种间与种内均存在显著差异82-83。这种变异为干旱区土壤水分梯度上植物的水分生态位分化提供了生物物理基础32

气孔调节对植物水分利用与碳获取至关重要。根据气孔调控叶片水势的方式,植物可分为等水势型与非等水势型两种类型88。等水势型物种在白天维持相对稳定的叶片水势,而非等水势型物种则允许叶片水势随蒸腾需求显著下降。这种差异直接影响树木在干旱等胁迫下的生存能力89-91。叶片气体交换调控着生态系统乃至全球尺度的水碳通量,进而影响土壤水分有效性、径流量及大气CO₂浓度92-93。较强的气孔活动可提升碳汇潜力94-95,但也会增加水分消耗。在叶片尺度上,非等水势型耐旱树种常在极低土壤湿度下维持蒸腾,因而可能比共存的等水势型树种消耗更多水分96-97。这种差异扩展至冠层尺度后,可显著改变生态系统的水分通量98。在群落尺度上,气孔性状的分布格局进一步印证了环境过滤与物种共存的交互作用。大规模研究表明,草地群落的气孔密度和气孔面积指数的加权平均值及方差均显著小于林地群落,这意味着在严酷的干旱环境中,群落的性状分布趋于收敛,物种倾向于采取更为保守、趋同的低耗水策略82。然而,尽管存在环境过滤,群落内气孔密度与大小之间稳健的权衡关系依然存在,说明在共同的权衡约束下,细微但关键的气孔形态与行为变异,足以支撑物种实现多样化的水分生态位,这是维持干旱区植物多样性的重要内在机制。

5 水分生态位与物种共存

经典物种共存理论指出,植物群落中限制性资源的时空异质性分布,必然导致物种间产生资源竞争压力99。功能性状高度相似的物种因生态位重叠易在群落中相互排斥62-63,但植物通过功能性状分化,使得它们能够在时间和空间上占据不同的生态位,从而降低种间竞争强度,促进了物种的共存64,尤其在资源异质性高的干旱区生态系统更为显著。为维持物种共存,植物通过生态位分化形成时空互补的资源利用策略,例如对土壤中水分和养分资源空间上的垂直分层利用与时序上的错峰利用19。近年研究表明,植物群落的物种组成通过调控根系互作深刻影响着地下生态过程64-65,而根系互作又通过局部竞争排斥、生态位分化及互补效应等影响区域物种共存与多样性维持66-67

物种间如何在水资源极度匮乏的条件下实现长期共存,是群落生态学的核心问题。大量研究表明,基于水分利用的生态位分化是缓和种间竞争、促进物种共存的关键932。水分生态位分化最直接的体现是共存物种对土壤水不同来源与层次的差异化利用2138100。例如在极端干旱的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘,共存的灌木沙拐枣和泡泡刺形成了典型的根系与水源分离,泡泡刺根系偏向浅层,更多地利用降水补给的浅层土壤水;而沙拐枣则依赖深层土壤水和地下水101-102。类似地,在喀斯特石漠化地区,乔木与灌木通过利用不同深度的裂隙水实现共存,例如乔木更依赖深层裂隙水和地下水103。这种垂直空间上的水分生态位分化有效避免了物种对有限水分的直接竞争。此外,时间维度上的分离同样重要,如冬季一年生植物通过调整秋季与春季的萌发比例,实现生活史周期内的种内生态位分化,从而在年际间分摊竞争压力22。水分生态位分离并非固定不变,而是随着水分有效性的变化而动态调整100-102。水文生态位重叠指数会随降水事件发生降低-升高的变化,在干旱季节分离程度降低,竞争加剧101-102。为应对干旱胁迫,共存物种会策略性改变吸水模式,例如在干旱年份,灌木可能提高对表层土壤水的利用,而乔木则转向更深层水源,从而主动创造生态位分离以降低竞争103。这些认识为生态恢复提供了直接指导。在干旱区人工植被建设中,应遵循水分生态位分化与水分利用效率互补的原则来选择和搭配物种,并优先考虑发展具有自然共存关系的多物种群落,以增强生态系统对干旱的抵御能力。

6 结论与展望

干旱区植物群落中普遍存在的水分生态位分化,是物种在水分限制压力下通过长期适应与进化形成的关键共存策略。水分生态位分化是一个多维度的过程:在空间上,表现为共存物种根系垂直分布差异导致的土壤水来源的分层利用;在时间上,体现为物种生活史周期、萌发或生长旺盛期对季节性及不同规模降水事件的差异化响应(即储存效应);在生理上,源于气孔形态与调控行为(等水势型/非等水势型)的种间变异,而这种变异进一步驱动了水分利用效率的权衡。这些时空与功能上的生态位分化,有效缓和了物种间对极度稀缺水资源的竞争压力,从而为物种长期稳定共存创造了条件,成为维持干旱区植物群落多样性及生态系统功能稳定的基石。

未来研究与实践可从以下方面深入。

多维度与动态整合研究:当前研究多侧重于水分生态位的单一维度(空间或时间)。未来需加强时空维度耦合的研究,并整合水分与养分、光照等其他限制性资源的交互作用,更全面地揭示多维生态位分化对共存的综合影响。尤其需要关注气候变化背景下降水格局改变、极端干旱频发等如何动态影响水分生态位分化与群落稳定性,建立动态预测模型。

技术方法与机制深化:需借助新兴技术打破尺度壁垒,例如联合土壤、植物水同位素的原位示踪(水分来源)、根系原位成像(观测动态)与遥感监测(获取区域水分状况),将个体水分吸收策略、种群互作过程与群落分布格局有机联结,在更高时空分辨率上追踪植物-土壤水分关系。同时,应结合生理生态学,从性状、功能和适应性上深入解析水分生态位分化的生理基础与进化驱动机制。

理论指导生态实践:水分生态位分化与物种共存机制对干旱区生态恢复与管理具有直接指导价值。在人工植被构建或退化生态系统修复中,应遵循水分生态位互补原则进行物种配置,即主动选择在根系吸水区域、吸水时序及水分利用效率上具有差异的物种进行组合,以优化群落整体水分利用效率,增强群落抵御干旱的韧性并提升长期稳定性。未来的恢复实践应转向构建具有自然共生关系、生态位互补的多物种功能群落,以提升生态系统的可持续性。

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