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中国沙漠 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (3): 213-221.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2023.00105

• • 上一篇    

干旱半干旱区蚂蚁的生态功能综述

刘任涛()   

  1. 宁夏大学 生态环境学院/西北土地退化与生态恢复国家重点实验室培育基地,宁夏 银川 750021
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-26 修回日期:2023-12-04 出版日期:2024-05-20 发布日期:2024-06-11
  • 作者简介:刘任涛(1980—),男,河南南阳人,研究员,主要从事荒漠化与生态恢复相关研究。E-mail: nxuliu2012@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32360318);宁夏自然科学基金创新群体项目(2023AAC01002);宁夏科技创新团队项目(2021RXTDLX01)

Ecological function of ants and its implication for ecological restoration of semiarid and arid ecosystems

Rentao Liu()   

  1. School of Ecology and Environments / Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Development in Northwestern China,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
  • Received:2023-09-26 Revised:2023-12-04 Online:2024-05-20 Published:2024-06-11

摘要:

生物多样性与生态系统多功能性的关系是国际生态学领域新兴的热点研究方向。蚂蚁是全球陆地生态系统中分布最广、数量最大的社会性昆虫,具有多种重要的生态系统功能。但是,在干旱荒漠生态系统中,前人在研究中往往忽略蚂蚁多样性是土壤生态系统功能维持的关键基础。针对干旱区生态系统中蚂蚁多样性与生态系统功能关系,首先分析蚂蚁作为生态系统“工程师”的生态作用,系统梳理了蚂蚁筑巢活动对土壤结构、物理化学性质和土壤养分及能量流动的影响,然后从蚂蚁与土壤生物间的作用关系分析了蚂蚁筑巢活动对土壤微生物、土壤动物分布的影响规律,并总结了蚂蚁和非蚁土壤动物间的营养级作用关系,其次总结了蚂蚁本身作为土壤动物的优势类群对土壤功能的直接影响作用。综合分析表明,蚂蚁具有重要的生态系统“工程师”作用,深刻影响土壤物理化学性质与土壤功能;通过上行效应或下行效应,蚂蚁与土壤生物间的营养级作用关系是土壤生物多样性形成与维持的关键,在土壤生态系统功能中具有重要的基础性作用。在干旱、半旱区,蚂蚁活动形成蚁丘影响土壤环境及其土壤生物多样性,进而影响土壤生态系统功能及其生态系统多功能性,关系到脆弱生态系统功能恢复与稳定性维持,可以为未来干旱、半旱生态系统服务能力提升及多服务性奠定重要基础。

关键词: 蚂蚁, 筑巢活动, 营养级关系, 生态功能, 生态系统恢复

Abstract:

The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality is the new hotpot of international ecological research. Ants are of the social insects that harbors the greatest number of individuals in terrestrial ecosystems, and have many ecosystem functionality. However, the ant diversity plays the basic roles in the maintenance of soil ecosystem function, but it is always neglected in ecological research on arid desert ecosystems. Focusing on the relationship between ant biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in arid ecosystems, ant acts as “ecosystem engineering” that indicates significant effects on soil structure, soil physical-chemical properties, and soil nutrient and energy flow. Then, the interaction of ant and soil biota is observed to be the forcing drivers for the distribution of soil microbiology and soil arthropods. There is also a cascade relation of ants and soil arthropods that is one of the deterministic factors of soil food web. Nevertheless, the ant itself acted as the dominant taxa in soil ecosystems can play implications on soil functionality. In summary, ants acted as “ecosystem engineering” and played important role in soil physical-chemical properties and soil functions. There is a “bottom-up” effect and “top-down” effect of ants on soil biology. The trophic relations of ants to soil biology were the key point of the formation and maintenance of soil biodiversity, and were an important foundation of soil ecosystem functionality. In semiarid and arid regions, the nest-building activities of ants created anthills and had strong effects on soil conditions and soil biodiversity. The ant diversity and its effect on soil biodiversity played important implications on soil multifunctionality, which provided a key basis for ecological restoration of arid ecosystems, ecosystem services and its multiserviceability.

Key words: ant, nest-building activity, trophic relation, ecosystem functionality, ecosystem restoration

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