To protect grassland eco-environments, a prohibiting grazing policy was instituted in 2002 in China, and grassland ecological environments were successfully restored. Farmers were the main economic actors in these grasslands; thus, the policy had the greatest effect on farmers. The adaptability of farmers to this policy had a direct impact on whether the policy was smoothly implemented and affected the sustainable development of the eco-environment. In this paper, household survey data from Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, China, were used to study the perceptions of farmers with regard to the eco-environmental effects of the prohibiting grazing policy, and the adaptability and adaptation strategies of farmers were assessed based on the differences in the farmers' livelihoods and income levels. Finally, this paper discusses the main factors that influenced the adaptation strategies of farmers in Yanchi County. The main conclusions are obtained. The farmers' perception index of the environmental efficacy of the prohibiting grazing policy was relatively high; however, the farmers' perception index of their satisfaction with the policy was moderate. The diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies decreased sequentially from pure farmers to semi-farmers to non-farmers, and the diversification index increased sequentially from low-income farmers to middle-income farmers to high-income farmers. The key factors influencing the diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies included environmental efficiency, impact effects, adaptation costs, self-efficacy perception, human capital, financial capital and farmer attributes. The main factors influencing the farmers' adaptation strategies included adaptation costs, self-efficacy, adaptation effects, human capital, and financial capital.
[1] Futuyama D J B.Evolutional Biology[M]. Sunderland,Massauchusetti,USA:Sinauer Associate,1978.
[2] Winterhalder G.Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research[J].Human Ecology,1980,8:135-170.
[3] 崔胜辉,李旋旗,李扬.全球变化背景下的适应性研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(9):1088-1098.
[4] 方一平,秦大河,丁永建.气候变化适应性研究综述——现状与趋向[J]干旱区研究,2009,26(3):299-305.
[5] Ole M,Cheikh M,Anette R.Farmer's perception of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies in rural Sahel[J].Environmental Management,2009,43(5):804-816.
[6] Gandure S,Wallkers,Both J J.Farmers'perceptions of adaptation to climate change and water stress in a South African rural community[J].Environmental Development,2012,11:1-20.
[7] 赵雪雁.农户对气候变化的感知与适应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2440-2448.
[8] Mc Laughlin P,Dietz T.Structure,agency and environment:toward an integrated perspective on vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2008,18:99-111.
[9] Friksen S.Sustainable adaptation:emphasising local and global equity and environmental integrity[J].IHDP Update,2009(2):40-44.
[10] Holling C S.Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management[M].London,UK:John Wiley,1978:377.
[11] Berkes F,Colding J,Folke C.Navigating Social-ecological Systems:Building Resilience for Complexity and Change[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[12] 周广胜,许振柱,王玉辉.全球变化的生态系统适应性[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):642-649.
[13] 葛全胜,陈泮勤,方修琦.全球变化的区域适应研究:挑战与研究对策[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):516-524.
[14] Smithers J,Smit B.Human adaptation to climatic variability and change[J].Global Environmental Change,1997,7:129-146.
[15] Smit B,Wandel J.Adaptation,adaptive capacity and vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,16:282-292.
[16] Holling C S.The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems:Local Surprise and Global Change.Sustainable Development of the Biosphere[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,1986:292-317.
[17] Gunderson L H,Holling C S.Panarchy:Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems[M].Washington,USA:Island Press,2002.
[18] Walker B,Holling C S,Carpenter S R,et al.Resilience,adaptability and transformability in social-ecological system[J].Ecology and Society,2004,9(2):5-13.
[19] 陈勇,周立华,张秀娟.禁牧政策的生态经济效益——以盐池县为例[J].草业科学,3013,30(2):291-297.
[20] 周立华,朱艳玲,黄玉邦.禁牧政策对北方农牧交错区草地沙漠化逆转过程影响的定量评价[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(2):308-313.
[21] 侯向阳,尹燕亭,丁勇.中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望[J].草业学报,2011,20(2):262-269.
[22] 路慧玲,周立华,陈勇.基于农户视角的盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(4):1065-1071.
[23] 王磊,陶燕格,宋乃平.禁牧政策影响下农户行为的经济学分析——以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例[J].农村经济,2012(12):42-45.
[24] 黄涛,李维薇,张英俊.草原生态保护与牧民持续增收之辩[J].草业科学,2010(9):1-4.
[25] 赵雪雁.生计方式对农户生活能源消费模式的影响:以甘南高原为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1610-1619.
[26] 马莉娅,吴斌,张宇清,等.基于生态足迹的宁夏盐池县生态安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):57-62.
[27] 安祎玮,周立华,杨国靖,等.宁夏盐池县相对资源承载力[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(2):399-406.
[28] Grothmann T,Patt A.Adaptive capacity and human cognition:the process of individual adaptation to climate change[J].Global Environmental Change,2005,15:19-21.
[29] Kuruppu N,Liverman D.Mental preparation for climate adaptation:the role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati[J].Global Environmental Change,2011,21:657-669.
[30] 赵雪雁,薛冰.干旱区内陆河流域农户对水资源紧缺的感知及适应——以石羊河中下游为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1622-1630.
[31] 赵雪雁.生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响——以甘南高原为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(4):687-698.
[32] 苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民.生计资本与生计策略关系研究:以张掖市甘州区为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(6):119-125.
[33] 马月存,高旺盛,陈源泉,等.武川县全面禁牧生态政策实施效果的调查[J].生态学杂志2007,26(1):94-99.
[34] 赵成章,贾亮红.退牧还草工程综合效益评价指标体系及实证研究[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):83-117.
[35] 赵玉洁,张宇清,吴斌,等.农牧民对禁牧政策的意愿及其影响因素分析[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(4):307-311.
[36] 马兵,周立华,路慧玲,等.基于意愿价值评估法的禁牧政策生态补偿定量分析——以宁夏盐池县为例[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):800-807.
[37] 安祎玮,周立华,陈勇.基于倾向得分匹配法分析生态政策对农户收入的影响——宁夏盐池县"退牧还草"案例研究[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(3):823-829.
甘公网安备 62010202000688号