社会—生态系统视角下农户对禁牧政策的适应性——以宁夏盐池县为例

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2017.00054

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了保护草原生态环境，2002年起国家全面实施“退牧还草”工程，在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施后，草地生态明显恢复。作为草原最主要的经济活动主体和禁牧政策的最直接承受者，农户对政策的适应性直接影响政策的顺利进行以及生态环境恢复的可持续性。基于宁夏盐池县入户调查资料，研究了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的生态环境效应感知以及对禁牧政策适应能力感知，分析了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的应对策略，探讨了影响农户适应策略选择的主要因素。结果表明：（1）盐池县社会-生态系统尚处于不理想的系统稳态，生态系统恢复明显，但社会系统的适应性较低。农户普遍认为禁牧政策实施对生态环境有很大的改善，但对禁牧政策满意度感知处于中等水平，对禁牧政策适应能力的感知处于较低水平。由于生计方式和收入水平的差异，不同类型农户对禁牧政策的适应性感知差异较大。（2）不同类型农户采取不同适应策略应对禁牧政策实施造成的影响。纯农户适应策略以收缩型为主，兼业户和非农户以调节型为主，低收入和中等收入农户以收缩型为主，高收入农户以调节型为主。（3）农户对禁牧政策的适应成本、自我效能和农户拥有的人力资本、金融资本是影响农户适应性策略类型选择的主要因素。

关键词: 禁牧政策, 适应性, 感知, 农户, 盐池县

Abstract: To protect grassland eco-environments, a prohibiting grazing policy was instituted in 2002 in China, and grassland ecological environments were successfully restored. Farmers were the main economic actors in these grasslands; thus, the policy had the greatest effect on farmers. The adaptability of farmers to this policy had a direct impact on whether the policy was smoothly implemented and affected the sustainable development of the eco-environment. In this paper, household survey data from Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, China, were used to study the perceptions of farmers with regard to the eco-environmental effects of the prohibiting grazing policy, and the adaptability and adaptation strategies of farmers were assessed based on the differences in the farmers' livelihoods and income levels. Finally, this paper discusses the main factors that influenced the adaptation strategies of farmers in Yanchi County. The main conclusions are obtained. The farmers' perception index of the environmental efficacy of the prohibiting grazing policy was relatively high; however, the farmers' perception index of their satisfaction with the policy was moderate. The diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies decreased sequentially from pure farmers to semi-farmers to non-farmers, and the diversification index increased sequentially from low-income farmers to middle-income farmers to high-income farmers. The key factors influencing the diversification index of farmers' adaptation strategies included environmental efficiency, impact effects, adaptation costs, self-efficacy perception, human capital, financial capital and farmer attributes. The main factors influencing the farmers' adaptation strategies included adaptation costs, self-efficacy, adaptation effects, human capital, and financial capital.

Key words: prohibiting grazing policy, adaptability, perception, farmers, Yanchi County

中图分类号:

F205

侯彩霞, 周立华, 文岩, 陈勇. 社会—生态系统视角下农户对禁牧政策的适应性——以宁夏盐池县为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 2018, 38(4): 872-880.

Hou Caixia, Zhou Lihua, Wen Yan, Chen Yong. Farmers' Adaptability to the Prohibiting Grazing Policy from the Perspective of Social-Ecological Systems:a case study in Yanchi, Ningxia, China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2018, 38(4): 872-880.

参考文献

[1] Futuyama D J B.Evolutional Biology[M]. Sunderland,Massauchusetti,USA:Sinauer Associate,1978.
[2] Winterhalder G.Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research[J].Human Ecology,1980,8:135-170.
[3] 崔胜辉,李旋旗,李扬.全球变化背景下的适应性研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(9):1088-1098.
[4] 方一平,秦大河,丁永建.气候变化适应性研究综述——现状与趋向[J]干旱区研究,2009,26(3):299-305.
[5] Ole M,Cheikh M,Anette R.Farmer's perception of climate change and agricultural adaptation strategies in rural Sahel[J].Environmental Management,2009,43(5):804-816.
[6] Gandure S,Wallkers,Both J J.Farmers'perceptions of adaptation to climate change and water stress in a South African rural community[J].Environmental Development,2012,11:1-20.
[7] 赵雪雁.农户对气候变化的感知与适应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(8):2440-2448.
[8] Mc Laughlin P,Dietz T.Structure,agency and environment:toward an integrated perspective on vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2008,18:99-111.
[9] Friksen S.Sustainable adaptation:emphasising local and global equity and environmental integrity[J].IHDP Update,2009(2):40-44.
[10] Holling C S.Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management[M].London,UK:John Wiley,1978:377.
[11] Berkes F,Colding J,Folke C.Navigating Social-ecological Systems:Building Resilience for Complexity and Change[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[12] 周广胜,许振柱,王玉辉.全球变化的生态系统适应性[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):642-649.
[13] 葛全胜,陈泮勤,方修琦.全球变化的区域适应研究:挑战与研究对策[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(4):516-524.
[14] Smithers J,Smit B.Human adaptation to climatic variability and change[J].Global Environmental Change,1997,7:129-146.
[15] Smit B,Wandel J.Adaptation,adaptive capacity and vulnerability[J].Global Environmental Change,2006,16:282-292.
[16] Holling C S.The Resilience of Terrestrial Ecosystems:Local Surprise and Global Change.Sustainable Development of the Biosphere[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,1986:292-317.
[17] Gunderson L H,Holling C S.Panarchy:Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems[M].Washington,USA:Island Press,2002.
[18] Walker B,Holling C S,Carpenter S R,et al.Resilience,adaptability and transformability in social-ecological system[J].Ecology and Society,2004,9(2):5-13.
[19] 陈勇,周立华,张秀娟.禁牧政策的生态经济效益——以盐池县为例[J].草业科学,3013,30(2):291-297.
[20] 周立华,朱艳玲,黄玉邦.禁牧政策对北方农牧交错区草地沙漠化逆转过程影响的定量评价[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(2):308-313.
[21] 侯向阳,尹燕亭,丁勇.中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望[J].草业学报,2011,20(2):262-269.
[22] 路慧玲,周立华,陈勇.基于农户视角的盐池县退牧还草政策可持续性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(4):1065-1071.
[23] 王磊,陶燕格,宋乃平.禁牧政策影响下农户行为的经济学分析——以宁夏回族自治区盐池县为例[J].农村经济,2012(12):42-45.
[24] 黄涛,李维薇,张英俊.草原生态保护与牧民持续增收之辩[J].草业科学,2010(9):1-4.
[25] 赵雪雁.生计方式对农户生活能源消费模式的影响:以甘南高原为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1610-1619.
[26] 马莉娅,吴斌,张宇清,等.基于生态足迹的宁夏盐池县生态安全评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(5):57-62.
[27] 安祎玮,周立华,杨国靖,等.宁夏盐池县相对资源承载力[J].中国沙漠,2017,37(2):399-406.
[28] Grothmann T,Patt A.Adaptive capacity and human cognition:the process of individual adaptation to climate change[J].Global Environmental Change,2005,15:19-21.
[29] Kuruppu N,Liverman D.Mental preparation for climate adaptation:the role of cognition and culture in enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribati[J].Global Environmental Change,2011,21:657-669.
[30] 赵雪雁,薛冰.干旱区内陆河流域农户对水资源紧缺的感知及适应——以石羊河中下游为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(12):1622-1630.
[31] 赵雪雁.生计资本对农牧民生活满意度的影响——以甘南高原为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(4):687-698.
[32] 苏芳,蒲欣冬,徐中民.生计资本与生计策略关系研究:以张掖市甘州区为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2009,19(6):119-125.
[33] 马月存,高旺盛,陈源泉,等.武川县全面禁牧生态政策实施效果的调查[J].生态学杂志2007,26(1):94-99.
[34] 赵成章,贾亮红.退牧还草工程综合效益评价指标体系及实证研究[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):83-117.
[35] 赵玉洁,张宇清,吴斌,等.农牧民对禁牧政策的意愿及其影响因素分析[J].水土保持通报,2012,32(4):307-311.
[36] 马兵,周立华,路慧玲,等.基于意愿价值评估法的禁牧政策生态补偿定量分析——以宁夏盐池县为例[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):800-807.
[37] 安祎玮,周立华,陈勇.基于倾向得分匹配法分析生态政策对农户收入的影响——宁夏盐池县"退牧还草"案例研究[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(3):823-829.