Aim at the environmental changes in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River after ten times of ecological water conveyance during 2000-2009, in this paper we put forward the new target of ecological protection. The major protection zone, dominated by Populus euphratica, is within the range of 500 m away from the river channel. The groundwater depth is maintained to be less than 4.0 m, and the total vegetation cover degree reaches to 0.4-0.5. The range of 500-1 000 m away from the river channel belongs to the basic protection zone where mainly grows Tamarix spp.. The local groundwater depth is 4-6 m, and the total vegetation cover degree is over 0.3. The general protection zone is in the range of more than 1 000 m away from the river channel. With the increase of ecological water volume, the local groundwater depth reaches to 6-8 m. Thus the existed vegetation will not degenerate any more. The total area of vegetation protection and restoration within the range of 1 000 m along the two sides of the river channel should be 1 028 km2. The results calculated by water balance method and phreatic evaporation method indicate that the released water volume from Daxihaizi Reservoir is 2.3×108 m3, which is less than the planned released water volume of 1.2×108 m3. The water volume of 2.0×108 m3 is utilized for ecological conservation, and 0.15×108-0.2×108 m3 of them are flowing into Taitema Lake. The water conveyance should be maintained to be continuous, and the minimum annual released water volume to the Daxihaizi Reservoir is not less than 0.36×108 m3. For guaranteeing the water conveyance into the lower reaches, the relevant departments should enhance water resource regulation in the headstreams to make the water volume into the mainstreams reaching 44.2×108 m3. Reclaiming should be forbidden and environmental monitoring for embankment should be enhanced in the mainstreams. The method of flooding seeding is utilized in the lower reaches for increasing the vegetation area.