The relationship between plant size， flowering phenology and reproductive output in Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2021.00017

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (3): 195-202.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2021.00017

The relationship between plant size， flowering phenology and reproductive output in Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis

Li Cheng¹^,³(), Xinping Liu¹(), Yuhui He², Lilong Wang¹^,³, Chelmeg Bao¹^,³, Mingming Wang¹^,³, Shanshan Sun¹^,³, Hongjiao Hu¹^,³

^1.Naiman Desertification Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000，China
^2.Gaolan Station of Agricultural and Ecological Experiment, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000，China
^3.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100049，China

Received:2020-09-16 Revised:2021-02-04 Online:2021-05-26 Published:2021-05-26
Contact: Xinping Liu

Abstract

Abstract:

Reproduction is the most basic behaviors and processes of reproducing offspring and continuing races. It is not only the core of population formation， development and evolution， but also the basis for the succession of biological communities and ecosystems. In order to exploring the relationship between plant size， flowering phenology and reproductive success of Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis， 58 C. macrocarpum. and 130 S. viridis. were marked at the growing season of 2019. The plant size， flowering phenology， flowers and ears were measured to analyse the relationship between growth， flowering and reproduction. The results showed that ：（1） The flowering synchronization index of C. macrocarpum was 0.902； S. viridis. was 0.733， flowering process showed “mass flowering” pattern. （2） C. macrocarpum with later onset， shorter duration and higher flowering synchronization has more flowers and ears， S. viridis with earlier onset， longer duration and lower flowering synchronization has more flowers and ears. （3） The plant sizeof C. macrocarpum has a positive direct effect on flowers and ears， with path coefficient was 0.33 and 0.36， respectively. The plant size of S. viridis has a positive direct effect on flowers， with path coefficient was 0.21； it also has an indirect effect on flowers and ears by affecting duration， the path coefficients were both 0.05. In summary， the indirect effect of plant size on flowers and ears through flowering phenology was minimal， while plant size and flowering phenology can directly affect reproductive output. Larger plants in the population have more flowers， which is conductive to reproductive output. C. macrocarpum and S. viridis adopt different flowering strategies： C. macrocarpum adopts the strategy of improving the synchronization； S. viridis adopts the strategy of advancing onset and prolonging the duration to increase the frequency of pollinators and increase the probability of successful reproduction.

Key words: plant size, flowering phenology, reproductive output, annual herbs

CLC Number:

Q948.11

Li Cheng, Xinping Liu, Yuhui He, Lilong Wang, Chelmeg Bao, Mingming Wang, Shanshan Sun, Hongjiao Hu. The relationship between plant size， flowering phenology and reproductive output in Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2021, 41(3): 195-202.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1 Flowering phenology of Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis

观测项目	大果虫实	狗尾草
始花日期（月-日）	07-12	07-09
开花盛期（月-日）	08-10	08-28
终花日期（月-日）	08-28	09-08
花期持续时间/d	37 $±$ 1	25 $±$ 1
开花同步性指数	0.902	0.733

Table 1 Flowering phenology of Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis

观测项目	大果虫实	狗尾草
始花日期（月-日）	07-12	07-09
开花盛期（月-日）	08-10	08-28
终花日期（月-日）	08-28	09-08
花期持续时间/d	37 $±$ 1	25 $±$ 1
开花同步性指数	0.902	0.733

Fig.1 Mean flowering amplitudes in 2019. Each value in the plot represents the average value of each site on measurement day

Fig.2 Flowering amplitudes. Each value in the plot represents the average value of each site on measurement day

Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficients of the plant size, flowering phenology index and reproductive output at an individual level

植物名称	物候指数	植株大小	始花日期	开花盛期	终花日期	花期持续时间	开花同步性	开花数	结穗数
大果虫实	植株大小	1
	始花日期	-0.110	1
	开花盛期	-0.275^*	0.591^**	1
	终花日期	-0.057	0.211	0.346^**	1
	花期持续时间	0.094	-0.950^**	-0.490^**	0.106	1
	开花同步性	-0.004	0.618^**	0.534^**	-0.064	-0.649^**	1
	开花数	0.296^*	0.400^**	0.204	-0.012	-0.411^**	0.390^**	1
	结穗数	0.307^*	0.394^**	0.168	0.063	-0.380^**	0.342^**	0.843^**	1
狗尾草	植株大小	1
	始花日期	-0.232^**	1
	开花盛期	-0.146	0.027	1
	终花日期	-0.109	0.108	0.212^*	1
	花期持续时间	0.179^*	-0.917^**	0.059	0.298^**	1
	开花同步性	-0.191^*	0.822^**	-0.069	-0.166	-0.856^**	1
	开花数	0.264^**	-0.395^**	0.089	0.070	0.407^**	-0.369^**	1
	结穗数	0.166	-0.393^**	0.233^**	0.121	0.426^**	-0.399^**	0.894^**	1

Fig.3 Structural Equation Model between plant size, flowering phenology and reproductive output. (Black and red arrows represent significant positive and negative pathways, respectively, and dashed arrows indicate nonsignificant pathways. R2 represent the proportion of variance explained for each dependent variable in the model.* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01)

References 54

1	顾润源，周伟灿，白美兰，等.气候变化对内蒙古草原典型植物物候的影响［J］.生态学报，2012（3）：108-117.
2	Jeff O，Andrew L.Relationships between flowering phenology，plant size and reproductive success in shape Lotus corniculatus （Fabaceae）［J］.Plant Ecology，1998，139：35-47.
3	Fox G A.Components of flowering time variation in a desert annual［J］.Evolution，1990，44（6）：1404-1423.
4	Widén B.Environmental and genetic influences on phenology and plant size in a perennial herb，Senecio integrifolius［J］.Canadian Journal of Botany，1991，69：209-217.
5	Christopher R W，Kerstin K.Gene-regulatory networks controlling inflorescence and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana［J］.Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Gene Regulatory Mechanisms，2017，45：1-35.
6	Torimaru T，Tomaru N.Relationships between flowering phenology，plant size，and female reproductive output in a dioecious shrub，Ilex leucoclada （Aquifoliaceae）［J］.Botany，2006，84（12）：1860-1869.
7	李夏子，郭春燕，韩国栋.气候变化对内蒙古荒漠化草原优势植物物候的影响［J］.生态环境学报，2013（1）：50-57.
8	符瑜，潘学标.草本植物物候及其物候模拟模型的研究进展［J］.中国农业气象，2011，32（3）：319-325.
9	包晓影，崔树娟，王奇，等.草地植物物候研究进展及其存在的问题［J］.生态学杂志，2017，36（8）：2321-2326.
10	Rathcke B，Lackey E P.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants［J］.Annual Review of Ecology，Evolution，and Systematics，1985，16（1）：179-214.
11	Ollerton J，Lack A J.Flowering phenology：an example of relaxation of natural selection？［J］.Trends in Ecology and Evolution，1992，7（8）：274-276.
12	Mullerlandau H C，Condit R S，Chave J，et al.Testing metabolic ecology theory for allometric scaling of tree size，growth and mortality in tropical forests ［J］.Ecological Letters，2006，9（5）： 575-588.
13	Otárola M F，Sazima M，Solferini V N.Tree size and its relationship with flowering phenology and reproductive output in Wild Nutmeg trees［J］.Ecology & Evolution，2013，3（10）：3536-3544.
14	马文宝，施翔，张道远，等.准噶尔无叶豆的开花物候与生殖特征［J］.植物生态学报，2008，32（4）：760-767.
15	张德露，刘芳，武倩，等.气候变化下草原植物物候响应规律研究进展［J］.内蒙古林业调查设计，2018，41（6）：96-104.
16	Jeong S J，Changhoi H O，Gim H J，et al.Phenology shifts at start vs.end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008 ［J］.Global Change Biol，2011，17（7）：2385-2399.
17	王常顺，孟凡栋，李新娥，等.青藏高原草地生态系统对气候变化的响应［J］.生态学杂志，2013，32（6）：1587-1595.
18	张大勇.植物生活史进化与繁殖生态学［M］.北京：科学出版社，2004.
19	张峰，周广胜，王玉辉.内蒙古克氏针茅草原植物物候及其与气候因子关系［J］.植物生态学报，2008，32（6）：1312-1322.
20	张继义，赵哈林，张铜会，等.沙地固定过程不同阶段优势植物种生态特性的比较研究［J］.水土保持通报，2004，24（5）：1-4.
21	李善林，韩烈保.高温和干旱条件下狗尾草对三种草坪草生长的影响［J］.北京林业大学学报，2000，22（2）：34-37.
22	何玉惠，赵哈林，刘新平，等.不同类型沙地狗尾草的生长特征及生物量分配［J］.生态学杂志，2008，27（4）：504-508.
23	赵哈林，李瑾，周瑞莲，等.风沙流持续吹袭对樟子松幼树光合蒸腾作用的影响［J］.生态学报，2015，35（20）：6678-6685.
24	孙姗姗，刘新平，魏水莲，等.沙地植物幼苗生长对降水和风速变化的响应［J］.干旱区研究，2019，36（4）：870-877.
25	朱震达.中国土地沙质荒漠化［M］.北京：科学出版社，1994.
26	Mcintosh M E.Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus （Cactaceae）［J］.Plant Ecology，2002，159（1）：1-13.
27	肖宜安，何平，李晓红.濒危植物长柄双花木开花物候与生殖特性［J］.生态学报，2003，24（1）：14-21.
28	Schmitt J.Individual flowering phenology，plant size，and reproductive success in Linanthus androsaceus，a California annual［J］.Oecologia，1983，59（1）：135-140.
29	何淼，陈士惠，马翠青，等.野生及引种侧金盏花的开花物候与传粉特性［J］.草业科学，2014，31（3）： 431-437.
30	孙颖，王阿香，刘颖竹，等.大花百子莲的开花物候与生殖特性［J］.西北植物学报，2013，33（12）：2423-2431.
31	柴胜丰，韦霄，蒋运生，等.濒危植物金花茶开花物候和生殖构件特征［J］.热带亚热带植物学报，2009，17（1）：5-11.
32	严文一，贺忠群，王一鸣，等.光周期对人参菜开花和品质的调控作用［J］.西北植物学报，2020，40（8）：1364-1371.
33	孔凡江，赵晓晖，刘宝辉.大豆光周期调控开花与产量性状的研究进展［J］.土壤与作物，2016，5（2）： 65-71.
34	李春喜，韩蕊，邵云，等.小麦开花期旗叶光合特性与地上部干物质量的相关和通径分析［J］.江苏农业科学，2019，47（6）： 66-70.
35	O'nell P.Natural selection on genetically correlated phenological characters in Lythrum salicaria L.（lythracere）［J］.Evolution，1997，51（1）：267-274.
36	Waser N M.Competition for hummingbird pollination and sequential flowering in two colorado wildflowers［J］.Ecology，1978，59（5）：934-944.
37	Gentry A H.Flowering phenology and diversity in tropical Bignoniaceae［J］.Biotropica，1974，6（1）：64.
38	刘娜，李金霞，朱亚男，等.黑果枸杞开花物候对增温和补灌的响应［J］.干旱区研究，2020（4）：1-15.
39	Rathcke B，Lacey E P.Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants ［J］.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics，1985，16（1）：179-214.
40	Mcintosh M E.Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus［J］.Plant Ecology，2002，15（9）：1-13.
41	Huang Y X，Zhao X Y，Zhou D W，et al.Phenotypic plasticity of early and late successional forbs in response to shifts in resources［J］.PloS One，2012，7（11）：e50304.
42	Sans F X，Garcia-Serrano H，Afan I.Life-history traits of alien and native senecio species in the Mediterranean region［J］.Acta Oecol，2004，26（3）：167-178.
43	Bloom A J，Chapin F S，Mooney H A.Resource limitation in plants-an economic analogy［J］.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics，1985，16：363-392.
44	Huang Y X，Zhao X Y，Zhou D W，et al.Allometry of Corispermum macrocarpum in response to soil nutrient，wat［J］.Review of Environmental Economics & Policy，2009，92（3）：525-531.
45	Fenner M.The phenology of growth and reproduction in plants［J］.Perspective Plant Ecology，1998，1（1）：78-91.
46	Sakai S.Phenological diversity in tropical forests［J］.Population Ecology，2001，43（1）：77-86.
47	Huang Y X，Zhao X Y，Zhang H X，et al.A comparison of phenotypic plasticity between two species occupying different positions in a successional sequence ［J］.Ecological Research，2009，24（6）：1335-1344.
48	张景光，王新平，李新荣，等.荒漠植物生活史对策研究进展与展望［J］.中国沙漠，2005，25（3）：306-314.
49	Wright S I，Barrett S C H.Size-dependent gender modification in a hermaphroditic perennial herb［J］.Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences，1999，266（1416）：225.
50	Susko D J，Lovett D L.Plant-size and fruit-position effects on reproductive allocation in Alliaria petiolata （Brassicaceae）［J］.Canadian Journal of Botany，2000，78（11）： 1398-1407.
51	Favre S P.Effects of plant size and morphological constraints on variation in reproductive components in two related species of Epilobium［J］.Journal of Ecology，1994，82（4）：735-746.
52	Nishikawa Y.The function of multiple flowers of a spring ephemeral，Gagea lutea （Liliaceae），with reference to blooming order［J］.Canadian Journal of Botany，1998，76（8）：1404-1411.
53	Herrera C M.Selection on floral morphology and environmental determinants of fecundity in a hawk moth‐pollinated violet［J］.Ecological Monographs，1993，63（3）：251-275.
54	姚红，谭敦炎.胡卢巴属4种短命植物个体大小依赖的繁殖输出与生活史对策［J］.植物生态学报，2005，29（6）：954-960.

[1]	KANG Xiao-shan, PAN Bo-rong, DUAN Shi-min, SUO Fei-ya, ZHANG Yong-zhi, SHI Wei, Gulnur Sabirhazi. Comparison of Flowering Phenology and Reproductive Traits of Four Species of Calligonum L. (Polygonaceae) under Ex-situ Conservation at the Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden in Xinjiang, China [J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2012, 32(5): 1315-1327.
[2]	LI Xin-rong;TAN Dun-yan. Relationships between Flowering Phenology of Ammopiptanthus nanus (Fabaceae) and Its Environment [J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2007, 27(4): 572-578.

The relationship between plant size， flowering phenology and reproductive output in Corispermum macrocarpum and Setaria viridis

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 5

References 54

Related Articles 2

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments