Based on the statistical information and field survey data in 1993—2008 and by making use of the principal component analysis and hierarchical synthesis methods, the correlation between urbanization level and ecological environment quality in areas along south Xinjiang Railroad is analyzed through calculation of comprehensive urbanization index and comprehensive index of ecological environment. The comprehensive urbanization index of the areas increased generally and the present urbanization level already got into rapid development stage. The comprehensive index of ecological environment of the areas fluctuated generally, and the index increased during 1997—2004, decreased after 2004, indicating the deterioration of ecological environment. The increase of the comprehensive urbanization level in areas along south Xinjiang Railroad was one main factor causing environmental change.