降尘对中国北方主要城市光伏电站发电量的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2016.00042

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中国太阳能光伏发电在2010-2015年实现了飞速发展。降尘降低了光伏电池板表面玻璃的透光率，导致电池板的发电量下降。降尘对太阳能光伏发电影响的量化是预测光伏电站发电量的基础。以降尘相对较严重的北方（年均降雨量小于800mm）36个城市的光伏电站为研究对象，综合考虑温度、降尘、辐射等因素导致的光伏发电量损失，模拟了各城市光伏电站25年内的年均最大发电量。模拟结果显示：（1）36个城市平均年发电量为209.62±30.15kWh·5m^-2，其中，发电量最大的城市是拉萨，最小的为西安，前者约为后者的两倍；（2）年降雨量100~200mm地区年发电量最高，其次为≤100mm的地区，200~400mm和400~600mm的地区发电量几乎相等，600~800mm的地区发电量最小；（3）降尘与电池板最佳倾角的关系可以忽略；（4）降尘导致的光伏发电量损失最大值发生在降雨量为100~200mm区域（5.32%），然后依次为≤100mm（5.21%）、200~400mm（4.46%）、400~600mm（3.29%）和600~800mm（2.09%）的区域。

关键词: 光伏电站, 发电量, 最佳倾角, 降尘

Abstract: In 2010-2015, photovoltaic (PV) plants were booming in China. Dustfall on PV modules may decrease the transmittance of its glass and cause a significant decrease of power output. Quantization of the power output losses by dustfall is basic to predict the power output. Based on irradiation, temperature losses, dustfall and other data, this paper model the annual power output of PV plants of 36 cities (annual precipitaion <800mm) in Northern China, where the dustfall is higher than southern China. The results show: (1)The mean annual power output of the 36 cities is 209.62±30.15 kWh·5m^-2, with the maximal and minimal power outputs in Lhasa and Xi'an, respectively; (2) The dustfall almost have no effect on the optimal tilt angles; (3) The maximal power output losses by dustfall (5.32%) is obtained in regions where the annual precipitation is 100-200 mm, and the minimal power output losses by dustfall (2.09%) is obtained in regions where the annual precipitation is 600-800 mm.

Key words: photovoltaic plants, power output, optimal tilt angles, dustfall

中图分类号:

孙家欢, 王涛, 薛娴, 崔永琴, 肖建华. 降尘对中国北方主要城市光伏电站发电量的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(4): 932-942.

Sun Jiahuan, Wang Tao, Xue Xian, Cui Yongqin, Xiao Jianhua. The Effect of Dustfall on the Power Output of Photovoltaic Plants Located in Major Cities in Northearn China[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2016, 36(4): 932-942.

参考文献

[1] 桑建人,刘玉兰,林莉.宁夏太阳辐射特征及太阳能利用潜力综合评价[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(1):122-125.
[2] 文小航,尚可政,王式功,等.1961-2000年中国太阳辐射区域特征的初步研究[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(3):554-561.
[3] Wang X M,Dong Z B,Zhang J W,et al.Modern dust storms in China:an overview[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,58(4):559-574.
[4] Ta W Q,Xiao H L,Qu J J,et al.Measurements of dust deposition in Gansu Province,China,1986-2000[J].Geomorphology,2004,57(1/2):41-51.
[5] Said S A M.Effects of dust accumulation on performances of thermal and photovoltaic flat-plate collectors[J].Applied Energy,1990,37(1):73-84.
[6] Ibrahim M,Zinsser B,El-Sherif H,et al.Advanced photovoltaic test park in Egypt for investigating the performance of different module and cell technologies[C]//Proceedings of the 24th Symposium Photovoltaic Solar Energy.Staffelstien,Germany,2009.
[7] 岑先富.光伏电站组件自动清洁与提高发电量的影响[J].中国科技纵横,2013(16):200-201.
[8] Thevenard D,Pelland S.Estimating the uncertainty in long-term photovoltaic yield predictions[J].Solar Energy,2011,91(3):432-445.
[9] King D,Kratochvil J,Boyson W.Photovoltaic Array Performance Model[R].Oak Ridge,UAS:United States Department of Energy,2004.
[10] Almonacid F,Rus C,Hontoria L,et al.Characterisation of Si-crystalline PV modules by artificial neural networks[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(4):941-949.
[11] Cameron C P,Boyson W E,Riley D M.Comparison of PV system performance-model predictions with measured PV system performance[C]//33rd IEEE PVSC.San Diego,USA,2008:1-6.
[12] Makrides G,Zinsser B,Schubert M,et al.Energy yield prediction errors and uncertainties of different photovoltaic models[J].Progress in Photovoltaics:Research and Applications,2011,21(3):500-516.
[13] Zhou W,Yang H,Fang Z.A novel model for photovoltaic array performance prediction[J].Applied Energy,2007,84(12):1187-1198.
[14] Saumell-Ocáriz J,Dufo-López R,Aso I,et al.Computational Tool for the Efficiency Forecasting of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer Heidelberg,2012:53-59.
[15] Osterwald C.Translation of device performance measurements to reference conditions[J].Solar Cells,1986,18(3/4):269-279.
[16] Martin N,Ruiz J.Calculation of the PV modules angular losses under field conditions by means of an analytical model[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2001,70(1):25-38.
[17] Lorenzo E.Energy Collected and Delivered by PV Modules[M].John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.,2005:905-970.
[18] Klein S A.Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces[J].Solar Energy,1977,19(4):325-329.
[19] Makrides G,Zinsser B,Norton M,et al.Performance of Photovoltaics Under Actual Operating Conditions[M]//Fthenakis V.Third Generation Photovoltaics.2012.
[20] Jordan D C,Kurtz S R.Photovoltaic degradation rates-an analytical review[J].Progress in Photovoltaics:Research & Applications,2011,21(1):12-29.
[21] Makrides G,Werner J H,Zinsser B,et al.Performance assessment of different photovoltaic systems under identical field conditions of high irradiation[C]//PV RES Conference.2007.
[22] Huld T,Sample T,Dunlop E D.A simple model for estimating the influence of spectrum variations on PV performance[C]//Proceedings of the 24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion Conference Hamburgo.2009:3385-3389.
[23] Marion B,Adelstein J,Boyle K,et al.Performance parameters for grid-connected PV systems[C]//31st IEEE PVSC.2005:1601-1606.
[24] Almonacid F,Rus C,Pérez-Higueras P,et al.Calculation of the energy provided by a PV generator.Comparative study:Conventional methods vs.artificial neural networks[J].Energy,2011,36(1):375-384.
[25] Rodrigo P,Rus C,Almonacid F,et al.A new method for estimating angular,spectral and low irradiance losses in photovoltaic systems using an artificial neural network model in combination with the Osterwald model[J].Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells,2012,96(1):186-194.
[26] Zhang X X,Shi P J,Liu L Y,et al.Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall in major cities of China:spatial distribution and temporal variability[J].Atmospheric Environment,2010,44(13):1641-1648.
[27] 王明仕,李晗,王明娅,等.中国大气降尘地域性分布特征研究[J].生态环境学报,2014(12):1933-1937.
[28] 仲嘉亮,叶德斌."十一五"期间新疆大气降尘量时空分布特征及影响因素分析[J].干旱环境监测,2012,26(2):91-95.
[29] Li J C,Dong Z B,Qian G Q,et al.Effects of geomorphic conditions,wind speed,and precipitation on dustfall over northern China[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2010,2(4):354-363.
[30] 贾晓鹏,石晓萌,王海兵.降尘过程指示的沙尘循环过程[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(3):600-603.
[31] 王国平,赵丹石.长春市南湖大气降尘长期演变规律[J].城市环境与城市生态,1997(1):34-36.
[32] 蔺昕,李晓军,胡涛,等.北方典型城市降尘时空分布特征及影响因素分析[J].生态环境,2008(1):143-146.
[33] 张素芳.河北省近20年大气降尘通量的时空变化特征[D].石家庄:河北师范大学,2010.
[34] 毛欣,夏传真,于光金,等.近20年山东省降尘时空变化趋势分析[C]//中国环境科学学会2013年学术年会.2013.
[35] 车伍,唐宁远,张炜,等.我国城市降雨特点与雨水利用[J].给水排水,2007,33(6):45-48.
[36] Caron J R,Littmann B.Direct monitoring of energy lost due to soiling on first solar modules in California[J].IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics,2013,3(1):336-340.
[37] Sharma V,Bowden S.Peak load offset and the effect of dust storms on 10 MWp distributed grid tied photovoltaic systems installed at Arizona State University[C]//38th IEEE PVSC.2012:590-595.
[38] Mejia F A,Kleissl J.Soiling losses for solar photovoltaic systems in California[J].Solar Energy,2013,95(5):357-363.
[39] Gostein M,Caron J R,Littmann B.Measuring soiling losses at utility-scale PV power plants[C]//40th IEEE PVSC.2014:885-890.
[40] Smith M K,Wamser C C,James K E,et al.Effects of Natural and Manual Cleaning on Photovoltaic Output[J].Journal of Solar Energy Engineering,2013,135(3):34505-34508.
[41] Kacira M,Simsek M,Babur Y,et al.Determining optimum tilt angles and orientations of photovoltaic panels in Sanliurfa,Turkey[J].Renewable Energy,2004,29(8):1265-1275.
[42] Tang R,Wu T.Optimal tilt-angles for solar collectors used in China[J].Applied Energy,2004,79(3):239-248.
[43] 杨金焕,毛家俊,陈中华.不同方位倾斜面上太阳辐射量及最佳倾角的计算[J].上海交通大学学报,2002,36(7):1032-1036.
[44] 王式功,王金艳,周自江,等.中国沙尘天气的区域特征[J].地理学报,2003,58(2):193-200.
[45] Kimber A,Mitchell L,Nogradi S,et al.The effect of soiling on large grid-connected photovoltaic systems in California and the southwest region of the United States[C]//Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion,Vol.2.Waikoloa,Hawaii,USA,2006:2391-2395.
[46] 居发礼.积灰对光伏发电工程的影响研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2010.