生态水文阈值在中国沙区人工植被生态系统管理中的意义

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2016.00163

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中国北方风沙区是全球沙漠化发展和生态退化最为严重的地区之一。利用植被固沙是遏制沙化土地扩张和生态重建与恢复的主要途径，但人工植被的稳定维持是可持续性风沙治理所长期面临的挑战。作为人工植被生态系统管理的依据，对生态水文阈值的认识及界定具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文以固沙植被中人工种植的灌木和乔木（仅限东部沙区）的盖度与深层土壤水分含量互馈互调作用的长期变化为依据，基于对中国不同气候带沙区典型人工植被系统生态和水文过程的模拟，通过建立生态水文模型初步界定了不同沙区适宜于人工植被生态系统管理的生态水文阈值，对现有沙区固沙植被的生态系统管理和未来风沙区植被建设具有一定的借鉴意义。

关键词: 中国北方风沙区, 人工固沙植被, 水分平衡, 固沙植被稳定性, 生态水文阈值, 生态重建

Abstract: The desert area in northern China,under wind-blown sand hazards and with desertification development and ecological degradation,is one of the most serious areas in the word.Using plant sand-fixation is the main approach to contain the expansion of sandy land and to recover and rebuild the ecological environment.However,the stability maintenance of artificial vegetation is a challenge of sustainable management of sand hazards.As the basis for artificial vegetation ecosystem management,how to understand and define the eco-hydrological threshold has important theoretical and practical significance.We built an eco-hydrological model to describe the interaction effect between the deep soil moisture and the coverage of artificial sand-binding shrub or trees (for only eastern desert regions).We used the model to simulate the eco-hydrological process in the typically artificial sand-binding vegetation ecosystem of different climate zones of China desert.Based on these results,we defined the appropriate eco-hydrological threshold of artificial vegetation ecosystem management in different sandy areas.It has a certain reference value to the ecosystem management of existing sand-binding vegetation and future vegetation construction in desert areas.

Key words: desert area in northern China, artificial sand-binding vegetation, soil water balance, stability of sand-binding vegetation, eco-hydrological threshold, ecological reconstruction

中图分类号:

Q148

张定海, 李新荣, 张鹏. 生态水文阈值在中国沙区人工植被生态系统管理中的意义[J]. 中国沙漠, 2017, 37(4): 678-688.

Zhang Dinghai, Li Xinrong, Zhang Peng. Significance of Eco-hydrological Threshold in Artificial Vegetation Ecosystem Management in China Desert Area[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2017, 37(4): 678-688.

参考文献

[1] Wang X M,Zhang C X,Hasi E,et al.Has the Three Norths Forest Shelterbelt Program solved the desertification and dust storm problems in arid and semiarid China?[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2010,74(1):13-22.
[2] 李鸣冈,高尚武.固沙造林试验总结(第五号)[Z].1963:19-36.
[3] Assouline S.Infiltration into soils:conceptual approaches and solutions[J].Water Resources Research,2013,49(4):1755-1772.
[4] 江泽慧.土地退化防治监测与评价[M].中国林业出版社,2012:18-28.
[5] 李新荣,赵洋,回嵘,等.中国干旱区恢复生态学研究进展及趋势评述[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(11):1435-1443.
[6] Cao S.Why large-scale afforestation efforts in China have failed to solve the desertification problem[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(6):1826-31.
[7] Tan M,Li X.Does the Green Great Wall effectively decrease dust storm intensity in China?a study based on NOAA NDVI and weather station data[J].Land Use Policy,2015,43(43):42-47.
[8] Adams J M.Vegetation-climate interaction:how vegetation makes the global environment[M].Berlin,Germany:Springer,2007:34-58.
[9] BriskeD D,Fuhlendorf S D,Smeins F.State-and-transition models,thresholds,and rangeland health:a synthesis of ecological concepts and perspectives[J].Rangeland Ecology & Management,2005,58(1):1-10.
[10] Li X R,Xiao H L,Zhang J G,et al.Long-Term Ecosystem Effects of Sand-Binding Vegetation in the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Restoration Ecology,2010,12(3):376-390.
[11] May R M.Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states[J].Nature,1977,269(269):471-477.
[12] Friedel M.Range condition assessment and the concept of thresholds:a viewpoint[J].Journal of Range Management,1991:422-426.
[13] May R M.Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems[M].Princeton,USA:Princeton University Press,2001:102-113.
[14] Muradian R.Ecological thresholds:a survey[J].Ecological Economics,2001,38(1):7-24.
[15] Huggett A J.The concept and utility of ecological thresholds' in biodiversity conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2005,124(3):301-310.
[16] Andersen T,Carstensen J,Hernandez-Garcia E,et al.Ecological thresholds and regime shifts:approaches to identification[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2009,24(1):49.
[17] Larsen S,Alp M.Ecological thresholds and riparian wetlands:an overview for environmental managers[J].Limnology,2015,16(1):1-9.
[18] Baird A J,Wilby R L.Eco-hydrology:plants and water in terrestrial and aquatic environments[J].Journal of Ecology,2000,88(6):1095-1096.
[19] Rodriguez-Iturbe I.Ecohydrology:A hydrologic perspective of climate-soil-vegetation dynamics[J].Water Resources Research,2000,36(1):3-9.
[20] Zalewski M.Ecohydrology-the scientific background to use ecosystem properties as management tools toward sustainability of water resources[J].Ecological Engineering,2000,16(1):1-8.
[21] Li X R,Kong D S,Tan H J,et al.Changes in soil and vegetation following stabilisation of dunes in the southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert,China[J].Plant and Soil,2007,300(1/2):221-231.
[22] 焦树仁.张武沙地改良与利用研究[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2012:106-119.
[23] 杨文斌,李伟,党宏忠.低覆盖度治沙:原理、模式与效果[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:135-168.
[24] Li X R,Wang X P,Li T,et al.Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificially stabilized desert dunes in Tengger Desert,North China[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002,35(3):147-154.
[25] Li X R,Zhang Z S,Tan H J,et al.Ecological restoration and recovery in the wind-blown sand hazard areas of northern China:relationship between soil water and carrying capacity for vegetation in the Tengger Desert[J].Science China Life Sciences,2014,57(5):539-548.
[26] Zhang N,Jiang D M,Alamusa A,et al.Leaf Water Potential and Root Distribution of the Main Afforestation Tree Species in Horqin Sandy Land,China[C]//Advanced Materials Research.Trans Tech Publications,2014,864:2554-2559.
[27] 周志宇,朱宗元,刘钟龄.干旱荒漠区受损生态系统的恢复重建与可持续发展[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:9-88.
[28] 孙鸿烈,于贵瑞,欧阳竹,等.中国生态系统观测与研究数据集:草地与荒漠生态系统卷[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2010:23-208.
[29] 李刚,刘立超,高艳红等.基于Meta分析的中国北方植被建设对土壤水分影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(9):2462-2470.
[30] 丁永健,李新荣,李忠勤,等.中国寒旱区地表关键要素监测科学报告[M].北京:气象出版社,2015:25-235.
[31] 张继义,赵哈林,崔建垣,等.科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤水分动态的研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(3):1-6.
[32] 韩辉.科尔沁沙地东南缘3种固沙林土壤水分时空变化的比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(5):102-104.
[33] 姚淑霞,张铜会,赵传成,等.科尔沁地区不同类型沙地土壤水分的时空异质性[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(1):251-254.
[34] 刘新平,何玉惠,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地奈曼地区降水变化特征分析[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(2):155-158.
[35] 庞吉林,张克斌,乔娜,等.基于RS的盐池县近10年植被覆盖度动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(4):112-115.
[36] 黄利江,于卫平,张广才,等.盐池沙地水分与植被恢复关系的研究[J].林业科学研究,2004,17(B12):148-151.
[37] 刘冰,常学向,李守波.黑河流域荒漠区降水格局及其脉动特征[J].生态学报,2010(19):5194-5199.
[38] 赵成义,王玉朝.荒漠-绿洲边缘区土壤水分时空动态研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):124-127.
[39] 陈钧杰,蒋进,付恒飞,等.古尔班通古特沙漠腹地土壤水分动态[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(4):537-543.
[40] 王雪芹,张元明,蒋进,等.古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄水分动态——兼论积雪融化和冻土变化对沙丘水分分异作用[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(2):262-268.
[41] 钱亦兵,吴兆宁,张立运,等.古尔班通古特沙漠植被与环境的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(7):2802-2811.
[42] Li X R,Tan H J,He M Z,et al.Patterns of shrub species richness and abundance in relation to environmental factors on the Alxa Plateau:prerequisites for conserving shrub diversity in extreme arid desert regions[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2009,52(5):669-680.
[43] Laio F,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,et al.Plants in water-controlled ecosystems:active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress:Ⅱ.Probabilistic soil moisture dynamics[J].Advances in Water Resources,2001,24(7):707-723.
[44] Rodríguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A.Ecohydrology of Water-controlled Ecosystems:Soil moisture and plant dynamics[M].Cambridge University Press,2007:13-28.
[45] Bargués Tobella A,Reese H,Almaw A,et al.The effect of trees on preferential flow and soil infiltrability in an agroforestry parkland in semiarid Burkina Faso[J].Water resources research,2014,50(4):3342-3354.
[46] Li X R,Jia R L,Chen Y W,et al.Association of ant nests with successional stages of biological soil crusts in the Tengger Desert,Northern China[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2011,47(1):59-66.
[47] Porporato A,D'odorico P,Laio F,et al.Ecohydrology of water-controlled ecosystems[J].Advances in Water Resources,2002,25(8):1335-1348.
[48] Noy-Meir I.Desert ecosystems:environment and producers[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4(1):25-51.
[49] 赵文智,刘鹄.干旱,半干旱环境降水脉动对生态系统的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):243-249.
[50] Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A,Ridolfi L,et al.Probabilistic modelling of water balance at a point:the role of climate,soil and vegetation[C]//Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences.The Royal Society,1999,455(1990):3789-3805.
[51] 苏培玺.沙质土壤水分运动参数研究[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(3):329-332.
[52] 黄磊,张志山,陈永乐.干旱人工固沙植被区土壤水分动态随机模拟[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):568-573.
[53] D'Onofrio D,Baudena M,D'Andrea F,et al.Tree-grass competition for soil water in arid and semiarid savannas:The role of rainfall intermittency[J].Water Resources Research,2015,51(1):169-181.
[54] 张继贤.沙坡头地区风沙土的水热状况[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(2):154-158.
[55] 张志山,李新荣,王新平,等.沙漠人工植被区蒸腾测定[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):374-379.
[56] 王新平,张志山,张景光,等.荒漠植被影响土壤水文过程研究述评[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):196-201.
[57] Wang X P,Li X R,Zhang J G,et al.Measurement of rainfall interception by xerophytic shrubs in re-vegetated sand dunes[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2005,50(5):897-910.
[58] 赵文智,杨荣,刘冰,等.中国绿洲化及其研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):1-5.
[59] 李瑞,张飞,高宇潇,等.渭干河流域生态水文时间序列特征及影响因素[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1713-1720.
[60] Baudena M,Boni G,Ferraris L,et al.Vegetation response to rainfall intermittency in drylands:results from a simple ecohydrological box model[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(5):1320-1328.
[61] Baudena M,D'Andrea F,Provenzale A.A model for soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions in water-limited ecosystems[J].Water Resources Research,2008,44(12):681-687.
[62] Chesson P,Gebauer R L E,Schwinning S,et al.Resource pulses,species interactions and diversity maintenance in arid and semi-arid environments[J].Oecologia,2004,141(2):236-253.
[63] D'Odorico P,Laio F,Ridolfi L.Noise-induced stability in dryland plant ecosystems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2005,102(31):10819-10822.
[64] Fernandez-Illescas C P,Rodriguez-Iturbe I.Hydrologically Driven Hierarchical Competition-Colonization Models:The Impact of Interannual Climate Fluctuations[J].Ecological Monographs,2003,73(2):207-222.
[65] Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Porporato A,Laio F,et al.Plants in water-controlled ecosystems:active role in hydrologic processes and response to water stress:I.Scope and general outline[J].Advances in Water Resources,2001,24(7):695-705.
[66] Li X R,Xiao H L,He M Z,et al.Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitat restoration in extremely arid desert regions[J].Ecological Engineering,2006,28(2):149-157.
[67] Li X R,He M Z,Duan Z H,et al.Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert,northern China[J].Geomorphology,2007,88(3/4):254-265.
[68] 刘新民,赵哈林,赵爱芬.科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:23-68.