中国沙漠 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 229-241.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00137
• • 上一篇
刘楷愈1,2,4(
), 庄艳丽1,2(
), 赵文智1,2, 段群滔3,4, 陈白丽3,4, 黄仁杰3,4, 孙婷婷3,4, 罗立辉3
收稿日期:2025-04-16
修回日期:2025-05-28
出版日期:2026-01-20
发布日期:2026-03-09
通讯作者:
庄艳丽
作者简介:刘楷愈(2001—),男,重庆奉节人,硕士研究生,主要从事干旱区生态水文学研究。E-mail: liukaiyu@nieer.ac.cn
基金资助:
Kaiyu Liu1,2,4(
), Yanli Zhuang1,2(
), Wenzhi Zhao1,2, Quntao Duan3,4, Baili Chen3,4, Renjie Huang3,4, Tingting Sun3,4, Lihui Luo3
Received:2025-04-16
Revised:2025-05-28
Online:2026-01-20
Published:2026-03-09
Contact:
Yanli Zhuang
摘要:
凝结水是当物体表面温度下降至露点温度后,大气中的气态水在物体表面形成的水源。在水资源有限的干旱区,凝结水是生态系统中重要的水分补给来源。本文系统梳理了凝结水的形成条件和观测方法,探讨了经验模型、物理模型、半经验模型及人工智能算法的适用性与局限性,分析了凝结水量的时间变化规律和空间分布特征及其对气候变化的响应机制,并指出当前时空模拟精度主要受到数据精度、参数简化及下垫面复杂非均质性的限制。在此基础上,提出未来应深化自然下垫面对凝结水的影响机制分析,以提升模型在复杂环境中的适用性,融合多源数据,驱动人工智能算法结合物理模型来模拟凝结水的时空分布规律,并强化在气候变化背景下凝结水生态效应的研究。
中图分类号:
刘楷愈, 庄艳丽, 赵文智, 段群滔, 陈白丽, 黄仁杰, 孙婷婷, 罗立辉. 干旱区凝结水时空模拟研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(1): 229-241.
Kaiyu Liu, Yanli Zhuang, Wenzhi Zhao, Quntao Duan, Baili Chen, Renjie Huang, Tingting Sun, Lihui Luo. Progress in spatial and temporal simulation of dew in arid regions[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(1): 229-241.
| 模型类型 | 模型名称 | 模型公式 | 输入参数 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经验模型 | 统计回归模型 | — | 无固定参数输入,选择当地对凝结水形成影响最大的气象因子。通常为常规气象数据(气温、露点温度、风速风向、相对湿度和云量等) | 构建简单,参数易获取,站点模拟精度高 | 气象因子对模型模拟结果影响很大,不适用于区域模拟 |
| 阈值模型 | |||||
| 物理模型 | 能量平衡模型 | Rn=LE+H(叶片表面) Rn=LE+H+G(土壤表面) Rn=Ri+Rhe+Rcond(人造凝结面) | Rn:净辐射;LE:潜热通量;H:显热通量;G:土壤热通量;Ri:凝结面吸收与释放的长波辐射之差;Rhe:凝结面失去的显热;Rcond:凝结水释放的潜热 | 能反映凝结过程中的能量平衡关系 | 模型构建较复杂,计算需要众多参数,且不易获取 |
| Penman-Monteith公式法 | Rn:净辐射;G:土壤热通量;γ:湿度计常数;Δ:饱和蒸汽压随温度的增加;Cn和Cd:随参考作物类型和计算时间步长而变化的常数;U2:2 m高处风速;es:饱和蒸汽压;ea:实际蒸汽压 | 不需要表面温度变量。既考虑了空气动力学和辐射项的作用,又涉及作物的生理特征。可用于区域潜热通量的计算 | 把植物冠层当成整体,不适用于稀疏植被或多种植被覆盖的区域 | ||
| 波文比能量平衡法 | LE:潜热通量;γ:湿度计常数;ΔT和Δea为不同高度冠层的温度差和蒸汽压差 | 计算简单,可模拟植物冠层中凝结水的形成。对大气层没有特别要求和限制,避免了热和蒸汽传导率给模型带来的误差 | 水平衡计算过程中,由于多种因素的影响,易产生误差。只有在开阔均一下垫面才能保证较高精度 | ||
| 涡动相关法 | LE=LE/L | LE:潜热通量;L:汽化潜热(2 450 J·kg-1);D:凝结水量(mm) | 可以直接获取长期的水通量观测数据 | 存在能量不闭合问题,会造成凝结水量的低估 | |
| 半经验模型 | Beysens模型 | H:海拔;Td:露点温度;N:云量;u:10 m处风速;u0:凝结水形成的风速阈值4.4 m·s-1;Ta:气温;b:Td-Ta与露水量的斜率 | 只需要基础的观测数据,适用范围广,可用于区域模拟 | 模型假设的下垫面为发射率为1的凝结面,经验系数不具有普遍适用性 | |
| 人工智能模型 | 人工神经网络模型 | — | 选择对凝结水形成影响较大的影响因子,经过筛选确定输入参数 | 可处理复杂环境下凝结水量与影响因素之间的非线性关系 | 需要大量的训练数据集,对数据质量要求较高 |
| 支持向量机模型 |
表1 主要模拟模型及其优缺点
Table 1 The main simulation models and their advantages and disadvantages
| 模型类型 | 模型名称 | 模型公式 | 输入参数 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经验模型 | 统计回归模型 | — | 无固定参数输入,选择当地对凝结水形成影响最大的气象因子。通常为常规气象数据(气温、露点温度、风速风向、相对湿度和云量等) | 构建简单,参数易获取,站点模拟精度高 | 气象因子对模型模拟结果影响很大,不适用于区域模拟 |
| 阈值模型 | |||||
| 物理模型 | 能量平衡模型 | Rn=LE+H(叶片表面) Rn=LE+H+G(土壤表面) Rn=Ri+Rhe+Rcond(人造凝结面) | Rn:净辐射;LE:潜热通量;H:显热通量;G:土壤热通量;Ri:凝结面吸收与释放的长波辐射之差;Rhe:凝结面失去的显热;Rcond:凝结水释放的潜热 | 能反映凝结过程中的能量平衡关系 | 模型构建较复杂,计算需要众多参数,且不易获取 |
| Penman-Monteith公式法 | Rn:净辐射;G:土壤热通量;γ:湿度计常数;Δ:饱和蒸汽压随温度的增加;Cn和Cd:随参考作物类型和计算时间步长而变化的常数;U2:2 m高处风速;es:饱和蒸汽压;ea:实际蒸汽压 | 不需要表面温度变量。既考虑了空气动力学和辐射项的作用,又涉及作物的生理特征。可用于区域潜热通量的计算 | 把植物冠层当成整体,不适用于稀疏植被或多种植被覆盖的区域 | ||
| 波文比能量平衡法 | LE:潜热通量;γ:湿度计常数;ΔT和Δea为不同高度冠层的温度差和蒸汽压差 | 计算简单,可模拟植物冠层中凝结水的形成。对大气层没有特别要求和限制,避免了热和蒸汽传导率给模型带来的误差 | 水平衡计算过程中,由于多种因素的影响,易产生误差。只有在开阔均一下垫面才能保证较高精度 | ||
| 涡动相关法 | LE=LE/L | LE:潜热通量;L:汽化潜热(2 450 J·kg-1);D:凝结水量(mm) | 可以直接获取长期的水通量观测数据 | 存在能量不闭合问题,会造成凝结水量的低估 | |
| 半经验模型 | Beysens模型 | H:海拔;Td:露点温度;N:云量;u:10 m处风速;u0:凝结水形成的风速阈值4.4 m·s-1;Ta:气温;b:Td-Ta与露水量的斜率 | 只需要基础的观测数据,适用范围广,可用于区域模拟 | 模型假设的下垫面为发射率为1的凝结面,经验系数不具有普遍适用性 | |
| 人工智能模型 | 人工神经网络模型 | — | 选择对凝结水形成影响较大的影响因子,经过筛选确定输入参数 | 可处理复杂环境下凝结水量与影响因素之间的非线性关系 | 需要大量的训练数据集,对数据质量要求较高 |
| 支持向量机模型 |
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