荒漠蓝藻规模化培养试验

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2021.00153

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以人工生物土壤结皮治理沙化土地技术是近年来新兴的绿色环保固沙技术，是目前沙区生态恢复研究的热点。然而，用于人工生物土壤结皮培养的荒漠蓝藻等生物体的产量是限制该技术大规模应用的瓶颈。为阐明荒漠蓝藻规模化培养的生长特征及其限制因子，以分离于腾格里沙漠蓝藻结皮中的优势荒漠蓝藻——鱼腥藻（Anabaena cylindrica）、具鞘微鞘藻（Microcoleus vaginatus）、念珠藻（Nostoc carneum）、席藻（Phormidium sp. NIES-2121）、伪枝藻（Scytonema sp. NIES-4073）、爪哇伪枝藻（Scytonema javanicum）和单歧藻（Tolypothrix tenuis）为研究对象，测定了不同扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的生长特征和产量，分析了荒漠蓝藻的生长与扰动时长、温度、光照强度、光合有效辐射、pH和电导率对荒漠蓝藻的影响。结果显示：荒漠蓝藻接种后干重先迅速增加后逐渐趋于稳定，而6 h和12 h扰动下干重在培养后期高于3 h扰动；荒漠蓝藻在3、6、12 h扰动下的总质量分别为每培养池（15 m³）0.858、0.940、0.841 kg；在3 h和12 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻干重与日均温度呈显著二项式相关，与日均光照强度和日均光合有效辐射呈显著负相关；荒漠蓝藻总质量与有效积温显著正相关。6 h扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻的总质量最高，且6 h扰动下荒漠蓝藻长势好于3 h，较12 h扰动耗能小。在荒漠蓝藻规模化培养时应将扰动时长设置为6 h，且确保生长期内的有效积温应不低于145 ℃。

关键词: 人工生物土壤结皮, 荒漠蓝藻, 规模化培养, 扰动时长, 有效积温

Abstract:

In recent years， the artificial biological soil crusts applied in land desertification has been developed to be a technology of new and green in the environment protection particular in fixing moving sand and the study of ecological restoration of desert areas. However， the yield of desert cyanobacteria and other organisms used for the cultivation of artificial biological soil crusts is a bottleneck that limits the large-scale application of this technology. Thereby， to explore the growth characteristics of mass-cultivation of desert cyanobacteria and their effect factors， seven predominated species isolating from Tengger Desert cyanobacteria crusts， including Microcolus vaginatus， Anabaena sp.， Nostoc sp.， Phormidium sp.， Scytonema sp.， Tolypothrix sp. and Scytonema javanicum， were selected as subjects. Results showed that the dry weight of desert cyanobacteria firstly quickly increased after inoculation and then slowly tend to stabilize. And， the dry weight of desert cyanobacteria under the disturbance of 6- and 12-hours was higher than that of the disturbance of 3 hours in the later cultivation. What's more， the total masses of desert cyanobacteria under the disturbance of 3-， 6- and 12-hours were 0.858-， 0.940- and 0.841-kg·pond^-1， respectively. Under the disturbance of 3- and 12-hours， the dry weight of desert cyanobacteria had a significant binomial relationship with varying temperature and a negative relationship with changes in the light intensity and the photosynthetically active radiation； also， the total mass of desert cyanobacteria was significantly positively correlated with the effective accumulated temperature. In conclusion， disturbance of 6 hours not only produced the highest total mass of desert cyanobacteria but developed the higher growth ratio of desert cyanobacteria very differently than under the disturbance of 3 hours； in the meantime， the consuming energy of desert cyanobacteria under the disturbance of 6 hours was less than that under the disturbance of 12 hours. Therefore， this study hints the disturbance duration during the growth period of desert cyanobacteria should be set to 6 hours and the effective accumulated temperature should be ≥145 ℃.

Key words: artificial biological soil crust, desert cyanobacteria, scale cultivation, disturbance duration, effective accumulated temperature

中图分类号:

Q949.22

王楠, 许文文, 赵燕翘, 赵洋. 荒漠蓝藻规模化培养试验[J]. 中国沙漠, 2022, 42(4): 181-189.

Nan Wang, Wenwen Xu, Yanqiao Zhao, Yang Zhao. Large-scale culture experiment of desert cyanobacteria[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2022, 42(4): 181-189.

图/表 7

图1 荒漠蓝藻工厂化生产基地（A，日光温室；B，蓝藻培养池）

Fig.1 Desert cyanobacteria factory production base （A， Solar greenhouse； B， Cyanobacteria cultivation pond）

表1 3种扰动时长下水体日均温度、日均光照强度和日均光合有效辐射的变化（平均值±标准误）

Table 1 Changes of water average daily temperature， average daily light intensity and average daily photosynthetically active radiation in three disturbance duration（ Mean±SE ）

时间 /d	T₃ /℃	L₃ /lux	P₃ /(μmol·m^-2·s^-1)	T₆ /℃	L₆ /lux	P₆ /(μmol·m²·s^-1)	T₁₂ /℃	L₁₂ /lux	P₁₂ /(μmol·m²·s^-1)
1	21.51±1.32	3 012±358^a	59.97±10.87^a	21.39±1.34	3 033±677^a	40.51±12.79^a	21.44±1.32	2 930±611^a	47.58±15.99^b
2	21.77±1.43	1 772±455^ab	48.42±11.20^ab	21.69±1.42	2 078±587^ab	28.33±8.30^ab	21.71±1.41	2 046±523^ab	30.34±10.38^bcd
3	21.83±1.47	1 905±466^ab	42.63±12.91^abc	21.73±1.44	2 115±468^ab	16.55±5.02^b	21.77±1.46	1 555±369^bcd	14.08±2.69^bcd
4	21.66±1.49	945±91^b	23.53±4.64^cd	21.56±1.42	1 002±141^b	16.31±6.06^b	21.66±1.50	932±81^bcd	15.53±5.17^bcd
5	21.12±1.25	1 597±589^ab	29.75±6.08^bcd	21.01±1.22	1 573±652^ab	9.71±1.93^b	21.13±1.33	1 184±454^bcd	8.41±4.17^cd
6	20.86±1.24	1 397±729^b	29.06±6.48^bcd	20.78±1.19	1 726±776^ab	22.44±9.39^ab	20.91±1.30	1 147±425^bcd	11.94±4.25^cd
7	20.82±1.24	1 363±402^b	18.83±3.70^cd	20.64±1.20	1 611±442^ab	17.24±7.99^b	20.79±1.29	809±261^cd	8.89±2.96^cd
8	20.91±1.31	954±524^b	19.38±6.00^cd	20.73±1.27	1 128±545^b	14.69±6.44^b	20.88±1.36	667±294^cd	7.93±2.46^cd
9	19.64±1.25	1 167±394^b	16.12±6.30^d	19.57±1.20	1 156±414^b	9.66±3.21^b	19.96±1.22	636±260^cd	5.73±2.17^d
10	19.63±1.59	859±528^b	18.18±8.21^cd	19.46±1.53	997±552^b	10.94±3.58^b	19.67±1.54	514±289^cd	5.94±1.60^d
11	19.91±1.56	723±249^b	12.05±5.14^d	19.77±1.52	665±250^ab	6.60±1.90^b	19.97±1.53	355±151^d	5.20±2.05^d
12	19.93±1.38	533±262^b	12.92±5.41^d	19.73±1.36	535±275^b	7.68±2.55^b	19.97±1.36	339±154^d	7.61±3.84^cd

图2 3个培养周期中不同蓝藻培养池对应的有效积温、累积光照强度和累积光合有效辐射

Fig.2 Effective accumulated temperature， accumulated light intensity and accumulated photosynthetically active radiation corresponding to 6 cyanobacteria culture pools in 3 cycles

图3 3种扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻生长特征变化（平均值±标准误）不同小写字母表示3种处理随时间变化的差异显著（P<0.05）

Fig.3 Changes in the growth characteristics of desert cyanobacteria in three disturbance duration（Mean ± SE）

图4 3种扰动时长下pH和电导率随时间变化（平均值±标准误）不同小写字母表示3种处理随时间变化的差异显著（P < 0.05）

Fig.4 Changes in pH and conductivity in three disturbance duration （Mean ± SE）

图5 3种扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻干重与日均温度、日均光照强度和日均光合有效辐射的关系图A、B和C表示3 h扰动下的相应关系，图D、E和F表示6 h扰动下的相应关系，图G、H和F表示12 h扰动下的相应关系

Fig.5 Relationship between the dry weight of desert cyanobacteria and the average daily temperature， average daily light intensity and average daily photosynthetically active radiation in three disturbance duration

图6 3种扰动时长下荒漠蓝藻总质量（15 m3培养池）与有效积温和电导率的关系

Fig.6 Relationship between the total mass of desert cyanobacteria and the effective accumulated temperature and conductivity in three disturbance duration

参考文献 37

1	West N E.Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semi-arid regions［J］.Advances in Ecological Research，1990，20：179-223.
2	Rodriguez-Caballero E， Belnap J， Budel B，et al.Dryland photoautotrophic soil surface communities endangered by global change［J］.Nature Geoscience，2008，11：185-189.
3	李新荣，回嵘，赵洋.中国荒漠生物土壤结皮生态生理学研究［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，2016：20-25.
4	Xiao B， Hu K.Moss-dominated biocrusts decrease soil moisture and result in the degradation of artificially planted shrubs under semiarid climate［J］.Geoderma，2017，291：47-54.
5	Zhao Y， Wang N， Zhang Z S，et al.Accelerating the development of artificial biocrusts using covers for restoration of degraded land in dryland ecosystem［J］.Land Degradation and Development，2020，32：1-11.
6	赵洋，潘颜霞，苏洁琼，等.中国干旱区沙化土地绿色环保治理技术综述［J］.中国沙漠，2021，41（1）：195-202.
7	Xiao B， Hu K L， Veste M，et al.Natural recovery rates of moss biocrusts after severe disturbance in a semiarid climate of the Chinese Loess Plateau［J］.Geoderma，2019，337：402-412.
8	刘永定，陈兰周，胡春香.荒漠蓝藻环境生物学与生物土壤结皮固沙［M］.北京：科学出版，2013：231-242.
9	Giraldo-Silva A， Nelson C， Barger N N，et al.Nursing biocrusts：isolation，cultivation，and fitness test of indigenous cyanobacteria［J］.Restoration Ecology，2019，27：793-803.
10	D'Acqui L P.Use of indigenous cyanobacteria for sustainable improvement of biogeochemical and physical fertility of marginal soils in semiarid tropics［M］// Arora N K，Mehnaz S，Balestrini R，eds.Bioformulations：For Sustainable Agriculture.New Delhi，India：Springer，2016：213-232.
11	潘雯雯，杨桂军，芮政，等.野外模拟扰动方式对太湖浮游植物群落结构的影响［J］.环境科学研究，2020，33（6）：1421-1430.
12	Sullivan J M， Swift E.Effects of small-scale turbulence on net growth rate and size of ten species of marine dinoflagellates［J］.Journal of Phycology，2010，39：83-94.
13	张文慧.水动力对太湖营养盐循环及藻类生长的影响［D］.北京：中国环境科学研究院，2017.
14	Xiao Y， Li Z， Li C，et al.Effect of small-scale turbulence on the physiology and morphology of two bloom-forming cyanobacteria［J］.PloS One，2016，11：1-14.
15	王文超，徐绍峰，徐梦瑶，等.水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长和酶活性的影响［J］.军事医学，2019，43（6）：448-453.
16	齐尚红，王冰洁，武作书.农业生产与温度的关系［J］.河南科技学院学报，2007，35（4）：20-23.
17	潘翰，刘琰冉，马成学.北方寒冷内陆碱性水体蓝藻暴发特点及影响因子［J］.东北林业大学学报，2017，45（7）：79-83.
18	朱广伟，钟春妮，秦伯强，等.2005-2017年北部太湖水体叶绿素a和营养盐变化及影响因素［J］.湖泊科学，2018，30（2）：279-295.
19	孙祥.水文气象对天目湖沙河水库藻类群落结构动态变化的影响［D］.安徽芜湖：安徽师范大学，2018.
20	谢作明，刘永定，陈兰洲，等.不同培养条件对具鞘微鞘藻生物量和多糖产量的影响［J］.水生生物学报，2008，32（2）：272-275.
21	陈兰周，刘永定，李敦海.盐胁迫对爪哇伪枝藻（Scytonema javanicum）生理生化特性的影响［J］.中国沙漠，2003，23（3）：79-82.
22	Chen L Z， Li D H， Song L R，et al.Effects of salt stress on carbohydrate metabolism in desert soil alga Microcoleus vaginatus Gom［J］.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology，2006，8：914-919.
23	Taton A， Stana G， Brambilla E，et al.Cyanobacterial diversity in natural and artificial microbial mats of Lake Fryxell （McMurdo Dry Valleys，Antarctica）：a morphological and molecular approach［J］.Applied and Environmental Microbiology，2003，69：5157-5169.
24	Park C H， Li X R， Jia R L，et al.Effects of superabsorbent polymer on cyanobacterial biological soil crust formation in laboratory［J］.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation，2014，29：55-71.
25	Rippka R， Deruelles J， Waterbury J B，et al.Generic assignments，strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria［J］.Journal of General Microbiology，1979，111：1-61.
26	Li Zhe， Xiao Y， Yang J，et al.Response of cellular stoichiometry and phosphorus storage of the cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae to small-scale turbulence［J］.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology，2017，35：1409-1416.
27	任杰，朱广伟，金颖薇.换水率和营养水平对太湖流域横山水库硅藻水华的影响［J］.湖泊科学，2017，29 （3）：604-616.
28	Kinsman R， Ibelings B W， Walsby A E.Gas vesicle collapse by turgor pressure and its role in buoyancy regulation by Anabaena flosaquae ［J］.Journal of General Microbiology，1991，137：1171-1178.
29	江林燕，江成，周伟，等.水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的规律及原因［J］.环境化学，2012，31（2）：216-220.
30	李林，朱伟.连续水流和间歇水流对微囊藻生长的影响［J］.环境科学与技术，2012，35（10）：34-37.
31	Karp-Boss L， Boss E， Jumars P A.Nutrient fluxes to planktonic osmotrophs in the presence of fluid motion［J］.Oceanography and Marine Biology，1996，34：71-107.
32	颜润润，逄勇，陈晓峰，等.不同风等级扰动对贫富营养下铜绿微囊藻生长的影响［J］.环境科学，2008，29（10）：63-67.
33	赵秀侠，方婷，杨坤，等.安徽沱湖夏季浮游植物群落结构特征与环境因子关系［J］.植物科学学报，2018，36（5）：687-695.
34	雷亚萍.共生关系对爪哇伪枝藻抗荒漠胁迫能力的影响［D］.武汉：武汉理工大学，2017.
35	谢小萍，李亚春，杭鑫，等.气温对太湖蓝藻复苏和休眠进程的影响［J］.湖泊科学，2016，28（4）：818-824.
36	李星.海表温度对连江黄岐赤潮影响的研究［J］.海洋预报，2021，38（3）：98-103.
37	范裕祥，金社军，周培，等.巢湖蓝藻水华分布特征和气象条件分析［J］.安徽农业科学，2015，43（4）：191-193.