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中国沙漠 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 55-67.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00022

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塔克拉玛干沙漠不同地表输沙率和粒径特征

张文慧1(), 潘凯佳2, 王思琦1, 雷云竹1, 张正偲1()   

  1. 1.陕西师范大学 钱学森沙产业陕西省高等学校重点实验室/地理科学与旅游学院,甘肃 西安 710119
    2.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 收稿日期:2025-01-14 修回日期:2025-03-10 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-09-27
  • 通讯作者: 张正偲
  • 作者简介:张文慧(2002—),女,陕西榆林人,硕士研究生,研究方向为干旱区资源与环境。E-mail: 15891278592@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0301);第三次新疆综合科学考察项目(2021xjkk0301-2);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2021JCW-17);科技部科技基础资源调查专项项目(2022FY202304);中央高校基本业务经费项目(GK202306002);中央高校基本业务经费项目(GK202309006)

Characteristics of sand transport rate and particle size of various land surface in the Taklimakan Desert

Wenhui Zhang1(), Kaijia Pan2, Siqi Wang1, Yunzhu Lei1, Zhengcai Zhang1()   

  1. 1.Key Laboratory of Qian Xuesen Deserticulture of Shaanxi Higher Education Institute / School of Geography and Tourism,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an 710119,China
    2.Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China
  • Received:2025-01-14 Revised:2025-03-10 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-09-27
  • Contact: Zhengcai Zhang

摘要:

塔克拉玛干沙漠(简称“塔干”)是中国面积最大的沙漠,也是中国乃至东亚的主要沙源地。输沙率和粒径特征是表征风沙活动的核心参数,但目前对塔干不同地表的对比观测较少,难以阐明其分布规律。本文对塔干8个监测站的输沙率和粒径进行野外观测,探究其时空分布规律。结果表明:(1)塔干各站点的输沙率随高度的增加呈指数规律递减,衰减速率受地表类型调控,由大到小依次为戈壁、线性沙丘、格状沙丘和灌丛沙堆。(2)塔干运动沙粒的平均粒径随高度的增加呈指数规律减小,戈壁地区运动沙粒的平均粒径在0.5 m高度以下呈“象鼻”状分布,在2 m高度以上,线性沙丘和戈壁运动沙粒的平均粒径大幅度减小,灌丛沙堆运动沙粒的平均粒径增大。(3)小于63 µm粒级和大于125 µm粒级的含量随高度呈指数规律变化,63~125 µm粒级的含量随高度的变化规律不显著。粉沙和黏土含量的增加,意味着塔干相对于其他沙漠来说,是沙尘的源区。

关键词: 塔克拉玛干沙漠, 输沙率, 粒径, 分布规律

Abstract:

The Taklimakan Desert is located in the extreme arid region of our country, which is the largest desert in China and a major dust source region in East Asia. The characteristics of sand transport rate and particle size are the main research contents of aeolian sand activities. However, there have been few actual observations on the transport rate of sand dunes in Taklimakan Desert, so it is difficult to clarify the formation process of sand dunes and the characteristics of dust activities in this desert. In this paper, the transport rates and particle sizes of 6 different dunes (trellis dune and linear dune) in the desert and 2 neighboring regions (scrub dune and gobi) were observed in the field, and their spatiotemporal distributions were investigated. The results are as follows: (1) The sediment transport rates of each station in Taklimakan Desert decreased exponentially with increasing height, from 10.19±6.23 kg·m-1·month-1 at a height of 0.25 m to 0.05±0.02 kg·m-1·month-1 at a height of 2.5 m, and the decreasing rate slowed down with the increasing height. The fitting coefficients b1 and the absolute value of c1 represent the attenuation rate of the sediment transport rates. The maximum and minimum values of b1 were 82.03 and 0.91 respectively, and the maximum and minimum values of c1 were -0.61 and -7.83, respectively. (2) The average particle sizes of sand grains in the Taklimakan Desert decreased exponentially with increasing height, from 2.84±0.69 Φ at the surface to 3.94±0.89 Φ at a height of 2.5 m. The average particle size of sand grains in the gobi showed an "elephant trunk" distribution below a height of 0.5 m (the average particle sizes at the surface, 0.25 m and 0.5 m is 2.95 Φ, 2.65 Φ, and 3.07 Φ, respectively). Above a height of 2 m, the average particle sizes of sand grains decreased significantly in linear dune (3.81 Φ at a height of 2 m and 5.09 Φ at a height of 2.5 m) and gobi (3.92 Φ at a height of 2 m and 5.33 Φ at a height of 2.5 m), but increased in scrub dune (3.77 Φ at a height of 2 m and 3.16 Φ at a height of 2.5 m). (3) The particle sizes smaller than 63 µm (from 9.26%±8.29% at the surface to 32.86%±24.88% at a height of 2.5 m) and larger than 125 µm (from 52.76%±20.84% at the surface to 24.5%±11.56% at a height of 2.5 m) varied exponentially with increasing height. The particle sizes of 63-125 µm (37.98%-42.63%) did not change significantly with height. In linear dunes and gobi, the high content of silt and clay at 2.5 m indicated that this is one of the dust-release sources. The increased content of silt and clay implies that the Taklimakan Desert is one of the dust sources compared to other deserts.

Key words: Taklimakan Desert, aeolian sediment transport rate, particle size, distributional law

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