Influence of stand structure diversity and competition on tree growth of natural Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in Hulun Buir Sandy Land

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00028

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 29-40.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00028

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Influence of stand structure diversity and competition on tree growth of natural Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in Hulun Buir Sandy Land

Jingyao Chi¹^,²(), Leilei Pan³, Kwon SeMyung³, Xiao Zhang¹^,², Yuheng Li¹^,², Xiaohui Yang¹^,², Zhongjie Shi¹^,²()

^1.Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100093，China
^2.Institute of Desertification Studies，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Beijing 100091，China
^3.Institute of Ecological Restoration，Kongju National University，Chungcheongnam -do 32439，Korea

Received:2024-01-04 Revised:2024-02-08 Online:2024-09-20 Published:2024-10-15
Contact: Zhongjie Shi

Abstract

Abstract:

The natural forest of Mongolian pine （Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica） plays an important role in the ecological service functions of Hulun Buir Sandy Land area in northeastern China. However， the influence of stand structural characteristics and competition on the growth of Mongolian pine in sandy land remains unclear. This paper analyzed the effects of stand structure diversity and competition on the tree growth of Mongolian pine by calculating 9 stand structure diversity indices and 46 competition indices using the whole-plot survey and dendroecological methods. The correlation analysis and multiple linear regression models were used to distinguish the role of competition and stand structure in determining tree growth. The results indicated that：（1） The tree growth is significantly modulated by the size neighborhood comparison indices， diameter differentiation indices， and Clark-Evans clumping indices. （2） Competition is an important factor in regulating tree growth， with growth rate decreasing as competition intensity increases. （3） Competition， stand structure （diameter differentiation index） and tree characteristics （height-to-diameter ratio， tree crown width） jointly controlled the growth of sandy Mongolian pine. The competition displayed the greatest effect on the tree growth， explaining about one third of the variability. In the future， forest managers should attach more importance to optimizing the stand structure and tree-to-tree competition to improve stand productivity.

Key words: individual tree competition, stand structure diversity, tree growth, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica

CLC Number:

S757

Jingyao Chi, Leilei Pan, Kwon SeMyung, Xiao Zhang, Yuheng Li, Xiaohui Yang, Zhongjie Shi. Influence of stand structure diversity and competition on tree growth of natural Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in Hulun Buir Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2024, 44(5): 29-40.

Figures/Tables 9

Table 1 Basic information of the sample plots

纬度(N)	经度(E)	密度/(株·hm^-2)	林下植被盖度/%	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	坡向	胸径/cm	树高/m
49°04′46.30″	120°28′12.79″	2 440	40	680	10	ES	12.77±6.15	9.93±2.56

Fig.1 Diagram of tree distribution in the plot

Table 2 Individual tree competition index

竞争指数	文献	竞争指数	文献	竞争指数	文献
$C I 1 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · d i s t i j$	[27]	$C I 17 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 33 = d i q$	[44]
$C I 2 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · 1 d i s t i j + 1$	[28]	$C I 18 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i ? a r c t a n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 34 = ∑ d i < d j n g j / S$	[45]
$C I 3 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · 1 d i s t i j 2$	[29]	$C I 19 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n h j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 35 = d i d m a x$	[46]
$C I 4 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i 2 · 1 d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 20 = ∑ j = 1 n h j h i ? a r c t a n h j d i s t i j$	[8]	$C I 36 = g i g m a x$	[46]
$C I 5 = ∑ j = 1 n d i 2 d i 2 + d j 2 · d i s t i j$	[30]	$C I 21 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n h j - h i d i s t i j$	[31]	$C I 37 = g i g ˉ$	[46]
$C I 6 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 22 = ∑ j = 1 n C R j C R i · d i s t i j 0.5$	[36]	$C I 38 = ∑ j = 1 n d j 2 d i 2$	[47]
$C I 7 = ∑ j = 1 n h j h i ? d i s t i j$	[31]	$C I 23 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · d i s t i j 0.5$	[36]	$C I 39 = C R i C R ˉ$	[48]
$C I 8 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i + d j d i s t i j 2 n d i 2 ? 40000$	[32]	$C I 24 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j a i$	[37]	$C I 40 = C R i h i$	[48]
$C I 9 = ∑ j = 1 n O L i j ? C R i 2$	[33]	$C I 25 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j ? d j a i ? d i$	[38]	$C I 41 = C L i h i$	[48]
$C I 10 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i · d i s t i j$	[34]	$C I 26 = ∑ j = 1 n a i a j ? d j d i ? 1 d i s t i j$	[39]	$C I 42 = C R i C L i$	[48]
$C I 11 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i$	[35]	$C I 27 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j C R j h j a i C R i h i$	[40]	$C I 43 = C r o w n V i d i$	[49]
$C I 12 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i 2$	[35]	$C I 28 = ∑ j = 1 n π d i s t i j ? d i d i + d j d j / d i s t i j ∑ j = 1 n d j / d i s t i j$	[41]	$C I 44 = C R i d i$	[48]
$C I 13 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i$	[35]	$C I 29 = d i 2 D ˉ 2$	[42]	$C I 45 = C S A i g i$	[49]
$C I 14 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i 2$	[35]	$C I 30 = d i 2 ∑ j = 1 n d j 2 / n$	[43]	$C I 46 = ∑ j = 1 n g j$	[36]
$C I 15 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i · 1 d i s t i j$	[35]	$C I 31 = h i H ˉ$	[43]
$C I 16 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i 2 · 1 d i s t i j$	[35]	$C I 32 = d i 2 · h i D ˉ 2 · H ˉ$	[43]

Table 2 Individual tree competition index

竞争指数	文献	竞争指数	文献	竞争指数	文献
$C I 1 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · d i s t i j$	[27]	$C I 17 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 33 = d i q$	[44]
$C I 2 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · 1 d i s t i j + 1$	[28]	$C I 18 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i ? a r c t a n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 34 = ∑ d i < d j n g j / S$	[45]
$C I 3 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · 1 d i s t i j 2$	[29]	$C I 19 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n h j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 35 = d i d m a x$	[46]
$C I 4 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i 2 · 1 d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 20 = ∑ j = 1 n h j h i ? a r c t a n h j d i s t i j$	[8]	$C I 36 = g i g m a x$	[46]
$C I 5 = ∑ j = 1 n d i 2 d i 2 + d j 2 · d i s t i j$	[30]	$C I 21 = ∑ j = 1 n a r c t a n h j - h i d i s t i j$	[31]	$C I 37 = g i g ˉ$	[46]
$C I 6 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i s t i j$	[29]	$C I 22 = ∑ j = 1 n C R j C R i · d i s t i j 0.5$	[36]	$C I 38 = ∑ j = 1 n d j 2 d i 2$	[47]
$C I 7 = ∑ j = 1 n h j h i ? d i s t i j$	[31]	$C I 23 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i · d i s t i j 0.5$	[36]	$C I 39 = C R i C R ˉ$	[48]
$C I 8 = ∑ j = 1 n d j d i + d j d i s t i j 2 n d i 2 ? 40000$	[32]	$C I 24 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j a i$	[37]	$C I 40 = C R i h i$	[48]
$C I 9 = ∑ j = 1 n O L i j ? C R i 2$	[33]	$C I 25 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j ? d j a i ? d i$	[38]	$C I 41 = C L i h i$	[48]
$C I 10 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i · d i s t i j$	[34]	$C I 26 = ∑ j = 1 n a i a j ? d j d i ? 1 d i s t i j$	[39]	$C I 42 = C R i C L i$	[48]
$C I 11 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i$	[35]	$C I 27 = ∑ j = 1 n O i j C R j h j a i C R i h i$	[40]	$C I 43 = C r o w n V i d i$	[49]
$C I 12 = ∑ j = 1 n a j a i 2$	[35]	$C I 28 = ∑ j = 1 n π d i s t i j ? d i d i + d j d j / d i s t i j ∑ j = 1 n d j / d i s t i j$	[41]	$C I 44 = C R i d i$	[48]
$C I 13 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i$	[35]	$C I 29 = d i 2 D ˉ 2$	[42]	$C I 45 = C S A i g i$	[49]
$C I 14 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i 2$	[35]	$C I 30 = d i 2 ∑ j = 1 n d j 2 / n$	[43]	$C I 46 = ∑ j = 1 n g j$	[36]
$C I 15 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i · 1 d i s t i j$	[35]	$C I 31 = h i H ˉ$	[43]
$C I 16 = ∑ j = 1 n a j h j a i h i 2 · 1 d i s t i j$	[35]	$C I 32 = d i 2 · h i D ˉ 2 · H ˉ$	[43]

Table 3 Stand structure diversity indices

名称	公式	意义	文献
香农-威纳指数	$S W = - ∑ m = 1 S p m l n p m$	SW越大，树木大小差异越大	[53]
辛普森指数	$S = 1 - ∑ m = 1 S (p m) 2$	S数大，代表树木大小分化程度高	[54]
大小比数	$N C I = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n V i j$	NCI越大，表示相邻木相比于目标木优势越大	[55]
大小分异指数	$D F I = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n 1 - m i n (d i - d j) m a x (d i - d j)$	DFI越大，代表树木大小差异越大	[56]
基尼系数	$G C = ∑ i = 1 n (2 i - n - 1) g i ∑ i = 1 n (n - 1) g i$	GC越大，代表树木大小分布越不平衡	[57]
变异系数	$C V = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 2 n - 1 D ˉ ?$	CV越小，代表林木大小差异越小	[57]
偏度	$S K = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 3 (n - 1) · σ d 3 ?$	SK越大，代表树木大小分布偏态程度越高	[10]
峰度	$K g = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 4 (n - 1) · σ d 4$	K_g越大，树木胸径最大值越大，分布越陡峭	[58]
Clark-Evans指数	$C E = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n r i 12 A n$	判断林木种群空间分布格局(聚集、随机、均匀)的指数	[59]

Table 3 Stand structure diversity indices

名称	公式	意义	文献
香农-威纳指数	$S W = - ∑ m = 1 S p m l n p m$	SW越大，树木大小差异越大	[53]
辛普森指数	$S = 1 - ∑ m = 1 S (p m) 2$	S数大，代表树木大小分化程度高	[54]
大小比数	$N C I = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n V i j$	NCI越大，表示相邻木相比于目标木优势越大	[55]
大小分异指数	$D F I = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n 1 - m i n (d i - d j) m a x (d i - d j)$	DFI越大，代表树木大小差异越大	[56]
基尼系数	$G C = ∑ i = 1 n (2 i - n - 1) g i ∑ i = 1 n (n - 1) g i$	GC越大，代表树木大小分布越不平衡	[57]
变异系数	$C V = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 2 n - 1 D ˉ ?$	CV越小，代表林木大小差异越小	[57]
偏度	$S K = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 3 (n - 1) · σ d 3 ?$	SK越大，代表树木大小分布偏态程度越高	[10]
峰度	$K g = ∑ i = 1 n (d i - D ˉ) 4 (n - 1) · σ d 4$	K_g越大，树木胸径最大值越大，分布越陡峭	[58]
Clark-Evans指数	$C E = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n r i 12 A n$	判断林木种群空间分布格局(聚集、随机、均匀)的指数	[59]

Fig.2 Boxplot of standardized indices in stand structure and competition characteristic

Table 4 Correlation coefficient between stand structure and basal area growth at tree breast height

基尼系数

变异系数

偏度

峰度

K_g

Fig.3 Correlation coefficient between individual tree competition and BAI

Fig.4 Stand structure and competition influence on basal area at breast height independently based on multiple regression ananysis

Fig.5 Upset plot with the variation partitioning and hierarchical partitioning result show the relative importance of factors influence on basal area growth of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica， including individual tree competition indices， stand structure and trees' own property.

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Influence of stand structure diversity and competition on tree growth of natural Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest in Hulun Buir Sandy Land

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