Based on investigation into desert vegetation in Kumtag desert, the structure features and natural survival rule of Haloxylon ammoderon community were studied. The results showed that the south margin is one of the main distributing regions of Haloxylon ammoderon community in Kumtag Desert area. The Haloxylon ammoderon community structure shows a great difference due to the changes of habitats and landforms. From desert steppe in the east to typical desert vegetation in the west of Kumtag Desert, the quantity and the coverage of Haloxylon ammoderon community increase, and the community changes from as companion species to as constructive species. Moisture is the main factor of affecting the community growth and renovation. Being in different habitats, the mature individual shows a great difference in growth status, growing better on riverside than on stony bottomland, better on sandy land than on Gobi. Young seedlings mostly distribute near the border of river bed, appearing in a belt distributing pattern. The Haloxylon ammoderon community in the hinterland of the desert was almost died, but their survival age reached 400 years. With the desert moves toward the south, the Haloxylon ammoderon community experienced the succession process of declining in the hinterland and regenerating in the outer desert.