| 沙漠与沙漠化 |
|
|
|
|
| Theory Frame and Technology Model of Protecting Cities and Towns from Blown-sand Disasters |
| ZOU Xue-yong1, ZHANG Chun-lai1, WU Xiao-xu1, SHI Sha2, QIAN Jiang1, WANG Ren-de1 |
| 1.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control at Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2.College of Life and Environment Sciences, Central University for Nationalities, Beijing 100081, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Protecting cities and towns from blown-sand disasters (PCTBD) is a new scientific field promoted by national demand. Its own theoretical system may be established gradually based on Blown Sand Physics, Sand Control Engineering, Restoration Ecology, and theory as well as technology related to desertification control and sustainable development, and supported by engineering practices and theoretical research of preventing blown-sand disasters. The theoretical frame of PCTBD preliminarily summarized in this paper contains four branch fields, fourteen main research contents and nine supporting disciplines. The branch fields include cause of blown-sand disasters and regional characteristics of wind-sand flow field, spatial optimization of land use in peripheral areas of towns, scheme optimization of preventing blown-sand disaster engineering, efficiency evaluation and prediction of the engineering. Technical system includes eight branch technology fields and one general goal of optimized model of PCTBD. Except for that of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the the technical systems of PCTBD all show ring-structure characteristic and they all have green landscape zone as the first ring closed to urban district. For cities and towns located on the fringe of desertified land in semi-humid areas, the second ring is high-efficiency agriculture-stock production zone, the third ring is eco-conserving division, and the fourth ring is closure of nature reserve. As for cities and towns in desertified land in semi-humid areas, the second ring is agriculture-stock patches dispersal in sand dunes forsook zone, the third ring is forsook protection zone. For cities and towns in desertified land in semi-arid areas, the second ring is sand dunes forsook and agriculture-stock production zone divided into two sub-rings of suburban facility agriculture ring and sand dunes forsook as well as independent production ring of household farm, the third ring is sand dune forsook protection zone. As for cities and towns in desertified land in arid areas, the second ring is irrigation agriculture zone, the third ring is peripheral protective zone, the fourth ring is forsook protection zone. As for cities and towns in intermountain basins on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the preventing blown-sand disaster engineering usually adopt scheme of "shelter belt, artificial grassland and irrigation system" closed to urban district, "blown-sand barrier, shelter belt, artificial grassland and irrigation system" in peripheral area, "shelter belt, grassland improvement and forsook system" in further peripheral area. As for cities and towns in valleys on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, scheme of preventing blown-sand disaster engineering is arranged in macro-scale according to river course trend, locally making full consideration of organic integration of blown-sand control, river course regulation, soil and water conservation, geological hazard governance, in detail choosing blown-sand control techniques according to sand-dust resource types and distribution geomorphic locations.
|
|
Received: 20 December 2008
Published: 20 January 2010
|
|
|
[1]毛曦.试论城市的起源和形成[J].天津师范大学学报(社会科学版),2004(5):38-42.
[2]张俊良,彭艳.我国小城镇人口规模问题研究[J].农村经济,2006(9):102-104.
[3]刘易斯·芒福德（倪文彦,宋俊岭译）.城市发展史——起源、演变和前景[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1989:1.
[4]隗瀛涛.重庆城市研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社,1989:前沿.
[5]Handerson V.Urbanization in developing countries[J].The World Bank Research Observer,2002,17(1):89-112.
[6]Black D,Henderson J V.Theory of urban growth[J].Journal of Political Economy,1999,107:252-284.
[7]童玉芬,李若雯.中国西北地区的人口城市化及与生态环境的协调发展[J].北京联合大学学报(人文社会科学版),2007,5(15):77-81.
[8]张新,聂观涛.坚持城乡统筹推进郊区经济社会协调发展[J].城郊发展,2004(1):4-7.
[9]Bolca M,Turkyilmaz B,Kurucu Y,et al.Determination of impact of urbanization on agricultural land and wetland land use in Bal ovas Delta by remote sensing and GIS technique[J].Environ Monit Assess,2007,131:409-419.
[10]Kalnay E,Cai M.Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate [J].Nature,2003,423:528-531.
[11]McDaniel J,Alley K.Connecting local environmental knowledge and land use practices:A human ecosystem approach to urbanization in West Georgia [J].Urban Ecosystems,2005,8:23-38.
[12]Mugica V,Maubert M,Torres M,et al.Temporal and spatial variations of metal content in TSP and PM10 in Mexico City during 1996—1998[J].J Aerosol Science,2002,33:91-102.
[13]Chalmers A T,Van Metre P C,Callender E.The chemical response of particle-associated contaminants in aquatic sediments to urbanization in New England,U.S.A.[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2007,91:4-25.
[14]Puustinen A,Hameri K,Pekkanen J,et al.Spatial variation of particle number and mass over four European cities [J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:6622-6636.
[15]Zhang C L,Zou X Y,Cheng H,et al.Engineering measures to control windblown sand in Shiquanhe Town,Tibet [J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2007,95:53-70.
[16]吴斌,张宇清,吴秀芹.中国沙区人居环境安全研究的初步探讨[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):50-55.
[17]Cahill T A,Morales R,Miranda J.Comparative aerosol studies of Pacific rim cities-Santiago,Chile (1987);Mexico City,Mexico (1987—1990);And Los Angeles,U.S.A.(1973 AND 1987) [J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(5):747-749.
[18]Smirnov N N,Nikitin V F,Legros J C.Mathematical modeling of aerosols evolution and sedimentation in the atmosphere of bi cities [J].J Aerosol Sci,1996,27(Suppl.):597-598.
[19]Dorsey J R,Nemitz E,Gallagher M W,et al.Direct measurements and parameterisation of aerosol flux,concentration and emission velocity above a city[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36:791-800.
[20]Vasconcelos M T S D,Tavares H M F.Atmospheric metal pollution (Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb and Zn) in Oporto city derived from results for low-volume aerosol samplers and for the moss Sphagnum auriculatum bioindicator[J].The Science of the Total Environment,1998,212:11-20.
[21]Namork E,Johansen B V,Lvik M.Detection of allergens adsorbed to ambient air particles collected in four European cities [J].Toxicology Letters,2006,165:71-78.
[22]Clarke A G,Azadi-Boogar G A,Andrews G E.Particle size and chemical composition of urban aerosols [J].The Science of the Total Environment,1999,235:15-24.
[23]Moulin C,Lambert C E,Dulac F,et al.Control of atmospheric export of dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation[J].Nature,1997,387:691-694.
[24]Prospero J M,Lamb P J.African droughts and dust transport to the Caribbean:Climate change implications[J].Science,2003,302:1024-1027.
[25]Chen Y S,Sheen P C,Chen E R.Efects of Asian dust storm events on daily mortality in Taipei,Taiwan [J].Environmental Research,2004,95:151-155.
[26]Neuberger M,Sehimek M G,Horak Jr F,et al.Acute efects of particulate matter on respiratory diseases,symptoms and functions:epidemiological results of the Austrian Pmject on Health Efects of Particulate Matter(AUPHEP) [J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:3971-3981.
[27]Holden C.The perfect dust storm [J].Science,2001,294:2469.
[28]Schwartz R C,Fryrear D W,Harris B L,et al.Mean flow and shear stress distributions as influenced by vegetative windbreak structure [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1995,75:1-22.
[29]Lee S J,Kim H B.Laboratory measurements of velocity and turbulence field behind porous fences [J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,1999,80:311-326.
[30]吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:315-354.
[31]刘媖心,黄兆华.植物治沙与草原治理[M].兰州:甘肃文化出版社,2000:1-89.
[32]陶健红.西北地区沙尘天气的时空特征及影响因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(2):327-334.
[33]柴东红,宋晓辉,李国翠,等.石家庄地区沙尘天气分析[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(2):377-380.
[34]石莎.半干旱区城镇防沙治沙植被恢复与重建——以内蒙古乌审旗达布察克镇为例[D].北京师范大学博士研究生论文,2009.
[35]邹学勇,董光荣,李森,等.西藏荒漠化及其防治战略[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(1):17-24.
[36]Geng H,Meng Z Q,Zhang Q X.Damage of water-soluble and organic compositions of dust storm PM25 on macrophages [J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(1):20-24.
[37]霍寿喜.健康“杀手”沙尘暴[J].现代养生,2003(3):45-46.
[38]盂紫强,卢彬,周义,等．沙尘天气对呼吸系统疾病日入院人数影响的时闻序列研究(1995—2003年)[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(11):1900-1908.
[39]董光荣,金炯,邵立业,等.西藏阿里狮泉河镇风沙整治的调查、规划与设计[R].1991.
[40]邹学勇,靳鹤龄,张春来,等.西藏阿里狮泉河盆地第二期治沙工程设计[R].1998.
[41]王贵勇,邹学勇,张春来,等.西藏阿里狮泉河第三期治沙工程施工设计[R].2002.
[42]邹学勇,张春来,程宏,等.西藏阿里狮泉河第四、五期治沙工程施工设计[R].2004.
[43]李鸣冈.铁路两侧流沙固定的原则和措施[M].流沙治理研究[J].银川:宁夏人民出版社,1980:27-48.
[44]任宇.植被建设是防沙治沙工程的有效措施[J].山西水利,2006,5:22-23.
[45]吴正.中国沙漠及其治理[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:670-671.
[46]孙保平.荒漠化防治工程学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000:192-196.
[47]邱兆国,郑晓静.化学固沙结皮力学性能的研究[J].应用力学学报,2006,23(2):325-328.
[48]刘贤万.实验风沙物理与风沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,1995:122-125.
[49]李臻,王宗玉,胡英娣.新型化学固沙剂的试验研究[J].石油工程建设,1997(2):3-5.
[50]丁向南,王锡来.人工聚沙堤防治铁路沙害的初步实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1990,10(1):13-21.
[51]王升堂.极端高寒干旱区城镇防沙的理论与实践——以西藏狮泉河镇为例[D].北京师范大学博士研究生论文,2006.
[52]中国可持续发展林业战略研究项目组.中国可持续发展林业战略研究（战略卷）[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2003:200-201.
[53]邹学勇.北京延庆可持续发展防沙治沙示范区建设(技术报告)[R].2006.
[54]胡宏飞.榆林沙区生态农业优化模式研究[J].中国水土保持,2003,(8):22-23.
[55]刘志仁.陕西榆林荒漠化防治的困境与路径选择[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(4):657-660.
[56]高国雄,高宝山,杨文杰,等.毛乌素榆林沙地农林复合经营模式与效益研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(1):117-121.
[57]王树力.赤峰市沙化土地结构与动态研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(4):156-159.
[58]赵延治.基于土壤风蚀控制的北京市土地利用优化模式[D].北京师范大学博士研究生论文,2006.
[59]全占军.人工灌草复合植被水热及CO2通量模拟研究——以北京市延庆县北张庄示范区为例[D].北京师范大学硕士研究生论文,2005.
[60]房志玲.环境因子对三种人工种植中药材品质的影响[D].北京师范大学硕士研究生论文,2005.
[61]董光荣,吴波,慈龙峻,等.我国荒漠化现状、成因与防治对策[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4):318-332.
[62]邹学勇,董光荣.风沙物理学的发展与展望[J].地球科学进展,1993,8(6):44-49.
[63]朱震达,赵兴梁,凌裕泉,等.治沙工程学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998:1-2.
[64]巴巴耶夫A Γ(胡孟春译).苏联荒漠流沙的固定[M].北京:海洋出版社,2001:56-154.
[65]韩致文,王涛,董治宝,等.风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其机理[J].地理科学进展,2004,23(1):13-21.
[66]Aber J D,Jordan W.Restoration ecology:An environmental middle ground [J].Bio Science,1985,35(7):399.
[67]张光富,郭传友.恢复生态学研究历史[J].安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),2000,23(12):395-398.
[68]朱德华.恢复生态学及其发展历程[J].辽宁林业科技,2005(5):48-50.
[69]胡国亮.城市可持续发展与城市政府职能[J].中国人口资源与环境,1999,9(1):14-17.
[70]张铜会,赵哈林.科尔沁沙地采用人工植被对流沙治理的技术[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊):48-52.
[71]王继和,马全林,刘虎俊,等.干旱区沙漠化土地逆转植被的防风治沙效益研究[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(6):903-909.
[72]张奎壁,邹受益.治沙原理与技术[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989:35-44.
[73]甘肃省科技厅.荒漠化防治与治沙技术[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,2001:140.
[74]张继义,赵哈林,崔建垣,等.沙地植被恢复过程中克隆植物分布及其对群落物种多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2005,41(1):5-9.
[75]吴波,李晓松,刘文,等.京津风沙源工程区沙漠化防治区划与治理对策研究[J].林业科学,2006,42(10):65-70.
[76]Normile D.Getting at the roots of killer dust storms [J].Science,2007,317:314-316.
[77]丁庆军,许祥俊,陈友治,等.化学固沙材料研究进展[J].武汉理工大学学报,2003,25(5):27-29.
[78]程道远.国外化学固沙简介[J].世界沙漠研究,1980(1):33-37.
[79]董立国,蒋齐,张源润,等.农用土壤保水剂在半干旱地区林业生产中应用效果研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(2):132-135.
[80]穆罕默德,赵莹莹,孙刚,等.节水灌溉技术研究进展[J].农业与技术,2001,21(4):27-32.
[81]岳耀杰.减轻土壤风蚀的土地利用评价与结构优化研究[D].北京师范大学博士研究生论文,2008.
[82]Ralf S,Alexey V.Optimization methodology for land use patterns-evaluation based on multiscale habitat pattern comparison[J].Ecological Modeling,2003,168:217-231.
[83]Wu X L.Quantification and optimization of spatial contiguity in land use planning [D].The Ohio State University,2005.
[84]张惠远,王仰麟.土地资源利用的景观生态优化方法[J].地学前缘,2000,7(增刊):112-120
[85]周成虎,孙战利,谢一春.地理元胞自动机研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1999:1-29.
[86]杨国清,刘耀林,吴志峰.基于CA-Markov模型的土地利用格局变化研究[J].武汉大学学报（信息科学版）,2007,32(5):414-418.
[87]张克存,屈建军,姐瑞平,等.不同结构的尼龙网和塑料网防沙效应研究[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(4):483-487.
[88]史培军,张宏,王平,等.我国沙区防沙治沙的区域模式[J].自然灾害学报,2000,9(3):1-7
[89]张永仲.创建绿色宜居北京——北京第二道绿化隔离地区的规划与建设[J].北京规划建设,2007,(6):88-91.
[90]Sun B,Tuliang W U,Chen Y,et al.A preliminary study on effects of four urban greenbelt types on human comfort in Shenzhen,P R China [J].Forestry Science and Technology,2006,5(2):84-92.
[91]Kühn M.Greenbelt and green heart:separating and integrating landscapes in European city regions [J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2003,64:19-27.
[92]Yokohari M,Takeuchi K,Watanabe T,et al.Beyond greenbelts and zoning:A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities [J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,47(3-4):159-171.
[93]Thomas B.Heavy particle dispersion over level terrain and in windbreak flow [D].University of Alberta (Canada),2006.
[94]刘薇.浅谈城市外围化带的规划与用地管理[J].规划师,2001,17(2):96-98.
[95]史培军,宋长青,景贵飞.加强我国土地利用/覆盖变化及其对生态环境安全影响的研究——从荷兰“全球变化开放科学会议”看人地系统动力学研究的发展趋势[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(2):161-168.
[96]Tang H P,Zhang X S.Establishment of optimized eco-productive paradigm in the farming-pastoral zone of northern China [J].Acta Botanica Sinica,2003,45(10):1166-1173.
[97]郑元润.西部大开发与可持续生态环境建设[J].世界科技研究与发展,2000,(2):74-76.
[98]程致力,高尚武,王志刚.人工绿洲防护林体系对沙尘控制作用的研究[J].林业科学研究,1989,2(5):483-488.
[99]刘钰华,王树清.新疆绿洲防护林体系[J].新疆环境保护,1994,16(4):87-91.
[100]曾文彬.荒漠绿洲农田防护林体系的效益[J].新疆林业,1996(5):27-31.
[101]李文胜,苏文锷,刘钰华,等.新疆绿洲防护林体系结构优化模型与应用研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1995,9(4):201-208.
[102]赖先齐,秦莉,张风华.新疆绿洲生态农业建设与可持续发展[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(4):129-130.
[103]赵成义,王玉朝,李国振.荒漠-绿洲边缘区研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):93-97.
[104]张远东.荒漠绿洲过渡带植被与绿洲稳定性研究[D].东北林业大学博士研究生论文,2002.
[105]王玉朝,赵成义.绿洲-荒漠生态脆弱带的研究[J].干旱区地理,2001,24(2):182-188.
[106]Li Sen,Dong G,Shen J,et al.Formation mechanism and development pattern of aeolian sand landform in Yarlung Zangbo River valley [J].Science in China (Series D),1999,42(3):272-284.
[107]金炯,董光荣,邵立业.阿里地区狮泉河镇风沙危害与整治规划[J].中国沙漠,1991,11(3):20-28.
[108]张胜邦,董旭.青海格尔木市防治荒漠化规划研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1997:34-63.
[109]邹学勇,张春来,程宏,等.西藏拉萨市柳吾新区及其周边地区治沙工程可行性研究[R].2007.
[110]邹学勇,张春来,程宏,等.藏东南防沙治沙工程作业设计（林芝地区）(2008—2010年)[R].2008.
[111]沈坤荣,蒋锐.中国城市化对经济增长影响机制的实证研究[J].统计研究,2007,24(6):9-15.
[112]陈淑清.城市化:我国经济长期增长的动力之源[J].经济与管理研究,2003(5):20-23.
[113]陈怀录,齐昊聪,荣慧芳.西部干旱、半干旱地区小城镇发展模式的探讨[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):76-80.
[114]高尚玉,张春来,邹学勇,等.京津风沙源治理工程效益[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:59-61.
[115]Grabum R,Meyer B C.Muticriteria optimization of landscape using GIS based functional assessments [J].Landscape Urban Planning,1998,43:21-34.
[116]Wang X H,Yu S,Huang G H.Land allocation based on integrated GIS optimization modeling at a watershed level [J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,66:61-74.
[117]程国栋,赵传燕.西北干旱区生态需水研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(11):1101-1108.
[118]Zhao C,Nan Z,Cheng G.Methods for estimating irrigation needs of spring wheat in the middle Heihe Basin,China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2005,75:54-70.
[119]贾宝全,慈龙骏.新疆生态用水量的初步估算[J].生态学报,2000,20(2):243-250.
[120]王根绪,程国栋.干旱内陆流域生态需水量及其估算——黑河流域为例[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(2):129-134.
[121]廖太空,严子柱,常兆丰,等.荒漠绿洲防风固沙林体系的模糊综合评判[J].中国沙漠,2007,27(6):1027-1032. |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
| |
Shared |
|
|
|
|
| |
Discussed |
|
|
|
|
2010, Vol. 30 
