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中国沙漠 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (5): 350-359.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00132

• • 上一篇    

莫高窟顶防风固沙林带群落结构及防风固沙功能演变特征

赵元1(), 詹鸿涛2,3,4, 贾荣亮5, 邱飞2,3,4, 张萍1, 张国彬2,3,6()   

  1. 1.宁夏大学 林业与草业学院/林木资源高效生产全国重点实验室,宁夏 银川 750021
    2.甘肃省敦煌文物保护研究中心,甘肃 敦煌 736200
    3.国家古代壁画与土遗址保护工程技术中心,甘肃 敦煌 736200
    4.敦煌研究院文物保护技术服务中心,甘肃 兰州 730000
    5.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 干旱区生态安全与可持续发展全国重点实验室/沙坡头沙漠研究试验站,甘肃 兰州 730000
    6.敦煌研究院,甘肃 敦煌 736200
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04 修回日期:2025-08-28 出版日期:2025-09-20 发布日期:2025-09-27
  • 通讯作者: 张国彬
  • 作者简介:赵元(2000—),女,山西大同人,硕士研究生,主要从事干旱区生态学研究。E-mail: 12023131625@stu.nxu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中国敦煌石窟保护研究基金会(2024年)项目;甘肃省科技重大专项(24ZDFF001);甘肃省自然科学基金项目(23JRRA650)

Community characteristics and windbreak-sand fixation effectiveness of the shrub shelterbelts atop the Mogao Grottoes

Yuan Zhao1(), Hongtao Zhan2,3,4, Rongliang Jia5, Fei Qiu2,3,4, Ping Zhang1, Guobin Zhang2,3,6()   

  1. 1.College of Forestry and Prataculture / State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources,Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
    2.Gansu Provincial Research Center for the Protection of Dunhuang Cultural Heritage,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China
    3.National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China
    4.Dunhuang Academy Preservation Technology Service Center,Lanzhou 730000,China
    5.State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands / Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China
    6.Dunhuang Academy,Dunhuang 736200,Gansu,China
  • Received:2025-06-04 Revised:2025-08-28 Online:2025-09-20 Published:2025-09-27
  • Contact: Guobin Zhang

摘要:

为探究风沙环境下防护林带的结构演变及其对文物保护的长期效益,本文以莫高窟顶典型防护林带为对象,采用“空间代时间”方法,系统调查了建植于1993年(建植31 a)、1999年(建植25 a)、2011年(建植13 a)的林带及对照流沙区(以建植0 a计),评估其群落结构、防护效益与植被特征的时序演变规律。结果表明:(1)随着建植年龄延长,林带结构趋于复杂,灌木多样性增加,草本植物呈先增后减趋势,群落多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数)依次为31 a > 25 a > 13 a > 0 a;(2)林带高度、盖度、多度表现为先升后降,以建植25 a林带最优,疏透度则持续下降,表明其防风能力增强;(3)防护效益呈先强后弱趋势,建植25 a林带在小气候改善、防风能力和抑沙效果方面表现最佳;(4)主成分分析显示林带高度与盖度与防护效益正相关,疏透度与积沙高度负相关,表明林带结构对生态功能的决定作用。研究揭示了防护林演替过程中的关键转折点,应依据建植年龄和结构特征,优化物种配置,适时开展抚育管理,以延缓退化、增强稳定性和持续性。

关键词: 莫高窟, 防护林演变, 林带结构, 防风固沙效益

Abstract:

This study investigates the structural evolution of protective forest belts and their long-term benefits in safeguarding cultural relics within wind-sand environments. Focusing on the protective forest belt atop the Mogao Grottoes, the research employs the "space-for-time substitution" method to systematically examine forest belts and their quicksand control areas established in 1993, 1999, and 2011. The study evaluates the temporal evolution of community structure, protective benefits, and vegetation characteristics. The findings revealed several trends in the development of the forest belt over time. (1) As the planting years increased, the forest structure became more complex, with an increase in shrub diversity and a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease in herbaceous plant diversity. The community diversity, as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index, was highest in the 31-year-old forest, followed by the 25-year-old, 13-year-old, and shifting sand areas. (2) The height, coverage, and abundance of the forest belt first increased and then decreased, with the 25-year-old forest exhibiting the optimal characteristics. The porosity of the forest belt continued to decrease, suggesting an enhancement in its wind-blocking capabilities. (3)The protection benefits exhibited a temporal pattern of initial strength followed by diminished effects. The 25-year-old forest belt demonstrated the most robust performance in enhancing microclimate, providing windbreak, and suppressing sand movement. (4)Principal component analysis revealed that the height and coverage of the forest belt were positively associated with the protection benefits, while porosity was negatively correlated with the height of sand accumulation. These findings underscore the critical role of forest belt structural characteristics in determining its ecological functions. The study identified pivotal moments in the succession of shelter forests and suggested optimising species allocation based on planting years and structural traits. It emphasised timely management to delay degradation and enhance stability and sustainability.

Key words: Mogao Grottoes, evolution of shelter forest, shelterbelt structure, effect of wind-breaking and sand-fixation

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