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中国沙漠 ›› 2004, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (5): 558-564.

• 研究论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

沙尘天气等对西安市空气污染影响的研究

王建鹏1,2, 王式功3, 孟小绒2, 赵燕宁4, 林杨2, 刘小英2   

  1. 1. 南京气象学院, 江苏 南京 210044;
    2. 西安市气象局, 陕西 西安 710016;
    3. 兰州大学 资源环境学院大气科学系, 甘肃 兰州 730000;
    4. 青海省气象台, 青海 西宁 810001
  • 收稿日期:2003-02-27 修回日期:2003-08-20 出版日期:2004-10-20 发布日期:2004-10-20
  • 作者简介:王建鹏(1972-),男(汉族),陕西户县人,工程师,南京气象学院在读硕士生,西安市气象台预报员,主要从事环境气象预报等方面的业务工作。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(G2000048703); 科技部社会公益类项目(中国西北地区沙尘暴监测预警系统)共同资助

Influence of Dust Storms and Other Meteorological Factors on Air Pollution in Xi'an City

WANG Jian-peng1,2, WANG Shi-gong3, MENG Xiao-rong2, ZHAO Yan-ning4, YANG Lin2, LIU Xiao-ying2   

  1. 1. Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 210044, China;
    2. Meteorological Observatory of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710016, China;
    3. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Resources and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China;
    4. Meteorological Observatory of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001, China
  • Received:2003-02-27 Revised:2003-08-20 Online:2004-10-20 Published:2004-10-20
  • Contact: 王式功

摘要: 通过对西安市1981-2000年TSP、SO2和NOx年平均浓度资料, 1998-2000年周报和日报环境监测资料以及相应的地面、高空常规气象观测资料的统计分析, 研究了该市空气污染的时间变化特点以及沙尘天气等几种气象条件对其浓度变化的影响。结果表明: (1)颗粒污染物(TSP和PM10)是西安市的首要污染物, 其次是SO2。1981-2000年期间, TSP年平均浓度降低了75%, SO2年平均浓度降低了77%, NOx年平均浓度总体上变化不大; 这三种污染物月平均浓度的年变化都呈单周期型, 冬季1月份最高, 夏季最低(TSP是7月份最低, SO2和NOx是8月份最低)。(2)2001年春季3~4月份沙尘天气的频繁发生, 使西安市空气污染日出现全年的第二个多发期(23d·月-1), 这有别于正常年份仅在冬季1月份出现一个浓度峰值的特点; 强沙尘暴天气过程会使西安市PM10浓度在非常短的时间内提高3倍左右, 造成严重的颗粒物污染。(3)西安市冬半年出现轻度污染以上级别的几率明显大于夏半年。影响西安市的地面天气系统可归纳为12类, 当受不同天气系统控制时, 其污染状况会有较大差异。(4)西安市一年四季都有逆温存在, 100m平均逆温强度为0.90℃; 全年以低层逆温出现日数最多, 但冬季贴地逆温出现日数最多, 厚度最厚, 强度最大, 是造成西安市冬季空气污染严重的最重要气象因素之一。(5)西安市最大混合高度在无逆温日的年平均值为1 250 m, 在有逆温日的年平均值为1 110 m。它与污染物浓度、污染等级呈显著负相关, 即混合高度愈高, 污染物浓度愈小, 污染级别愈低。

关键词: 沙尘天气, 气象条件, 西安市, 空气污染

Abstract: Temporal variation of air pollution and influence of dust storms and other meteorological factors on air pollution in Xi'an City have been investigated by using data of annual mean concentration of TSP, SO2 and NOx from 1981 to 2000, data of weekly reports and daily reports of environmental monitoring from 1998 to 2000 as well as data of routine surface and upper air observation. The research results are as follows: The particulate pollutant such as TSP or PM10 is chief pollutant in Xi'an,next one is SO2. During 1981—2000, annual mean concentration of TSP and SO2presents a trend of fluctuating decrease. Within the 20 years mean concentration of TSP reduced by 75%, SO2 concentration decreased by 77%, but mean concentration of NOx hardly changed. Annual variation of monthly mean concentration of the three kinds of pollutants showed a single cycle, that is, they were the highest in January of winter and were the lowest in summer.(2) Sand-dust weather happened frequently in March and April of spring. This made a second highest period(23 days per month) of polluted days in the whole year in Xi'an, and it is different from the characteristics that the heaviest pollution occurs in January of winter. A severe dust storm could cause a very heavy particulate pollution that PM10 concentration increased by three times in a moment.(3)The probability of air pollution days was higher in cold half a year than in warm half a year in Xi'an. When Xi'an City was controlled by the foreside of high pressure system or the foreside of cold front, a moderate or heavy pollution easily happened there. When Xi'an City was controlled by high pressure system or homogeneous pressure system, only light pollution might happen.(4) In Xi'an City thermal inversion might occur in four seasons of a year, but its frequency was the highest in winter. Annual mean intensity of inversion was 0.90 ℃·(100m)-1. A low-level inversion happened most frequently in the whole year, but in winter close-to-ground inversion happened most frequently with the most depth and intensity. Therefore inversion is one of the most important meteorological factors which caused heavy air pollution in Xi'an in winter.(5) The annual mean maximum mixing depth was1 250 m under the condition of no inversion, and it was 1 110 m under the condition of version. The negative relationship between maximum mixing depth and pollutant concentration was very remarkable, namely the higher maximum mixing depth was, the lower pollution concentration was.

Key words: dust storm, meteorological condition, air pollution, Xi'an City

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