沙尘对兰州市大气环境质量的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2014.00106

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 利用1951-2010年甘肃省气象局地面观测站沙尘气象资料和2006-2010年兰州环保局PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂质量浓度资料,分析了兰州市沙尘天气时间变化特征及其对SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀等大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:近60年来兰州市沙尘天气总体上呈现振荡性减少的趋势,沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘年变化倾向率分别为-0.15 d、-0.72 d和-0.97 d,这与上游沙尘源区沙尘天气振荡性减少有关。沙尘对兰州地区SO₂和NO₂质量浓度影响不大,对PM_2.5质量浓度和PM_1.0数浓度的变化有一定的贡献,但对PM₁₀质量浓度影响非常大,沙尘对春季PM₁₀质量浓度的贡献率在18.4%～43.1%。对2007年5月10日一次强沙尘天气过程研究发现,随着沙尘天气的侵入,兰州市不同粒径气溶胶的浓度陡然上升,然后达到较高的浓度水平,之后由于沙尘天气的减弱、消退或离境,不同粒径气溶胶浓度也逐渐降低并缓慢恢复到正常水平。

关键词: 大气环境, 空气污染, 沙尘暴, PM₁₀, 兰州

Abstract: Based on the dust events data from Gansu Meteorological Bureau from 1951 to 2005 and air pollutant data including PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations from Lanzhou Environmental Monitoring Station, the temporal distribution characteristics of dust events and the impacts of dust events on SO₂, NO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations were analyzed. The dust storm, blowing dust and floating dust generally descended from 1951 to 2000 in Lanzhou, and their change tendency rate were on average -0.15, -0.72, -0.97 days per year, respectively. The impacts of dust events on SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations were little, and were obvious on both PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations, but were serious on PM₁₀ concentration, the contribute of dust events on PM₁₀ concentration in spring were between 18.4% and 43.1%. During a severe dust event process on May 10, 2007, PM₁₀ concentration sharply increased with dust intrusion, then, it reached relatively high level, afterwards gradually dropped and recovered to the normal concentration level because of dust weakening, fading or leaving. PM_2.5and PM_1.0concentrations also somewhat increased during dust event, the characteristics of their variations were similar to PM₁₀ concentration.

Key words: atmospheric environment, air pollution, dust storm, PM₁₀, Lanzhou

中图分类号:

郭勇涛, 辛金元, 李旭, 王式功, 李江萍. 沙尘对兰州市大气环境质量的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(4): 977-982.

Guo Yongtao, Xin Jinyuan, Li Xu, Wang Shigong, Li Jiangping. Characteristics of Dust Events and Their Influence on Air Quality of Lanzhou, China[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2015, 35(4): 977-982.

参考文献

[1] 姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.一次沙尘过程对天津气溶胶浓度分布的影响[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1138-1143.
[2] 李亮,李健军,王瑞斌,等.2005-2010年沙尘天气影响我国城市环境空气质量分析[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(3):15-19.
[3] Chan C C,Chuang K J,Chen W J,et al.Increasing cardiopulmonary emergency visits by long-range transported Asian dust storms in Taiwan[J].Environmental Research,2008,106(3):393-400.
[4] Goudie A S.Desert dust and human health disorders[J].Environment International,2014,63(2):101-113.
[5] Prasad A K,Sachchidanand S,Chauhan S S,et al.Aerosol radiative forcing over the Indo-Gangetic plains during major dust storms[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(29):6289-6301.
[6] Rosenfold D,Rudich Y,Lahav R.Desert dust suppressing precipitation:A possible desertification feedback loop[J].Proceeding of National Academy Science,2001,98(11):5975-5980.
[7] Coale K H,Johnson K S,Fitzwater S E,et al.A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J].Nature,1996,383:495-501.
[8] 张小曳.2001亚洲粉尘的源区分布、释放、输送、沉降与黄土堆积[J].第四纪研究,2001,21(1):29-39.
[9] Wang Y Q,Zhang X Y,Arimoto R.The contribution from distant dust sources to the atmospheric particulate matter loadings at XiAn,China during spring[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,368(2/3):875-883.
[10] Wang S G,Yuan W, Shang K Z.The impacts of different kinds of dust events on PM₁₀ pollution in northern China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(40):7975-7982.
[11] Tao J,Zhang L M,Zhang R J.et al.Chemical composition of PM_2.5 in an urban environment in Chengdu,China:Importance of springtime dust storms and biomass burning[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,122(3):270-283
[12] Liu Q Y,Liu Y J,Yin J X.et al.Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM₁₀ during Asian dust storm and non-dust storm days in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,91:85-94.
[13] Zhang G S,Guo J H,Yuan H.et al.The compositions,sources,and size distribution of the dust storm from China in spring of 2000 and its impact on the global environment[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,46(11):895-900
[14] Guo J H,Rahn K A,Zhuang G S.A mechanism for the increase of pollution elements in dust storms in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:855-862.
[15] Wang Y,Zhuang,G S,Sun Y L,et al.Water-soluble part of the aerosol in the dust storm season-evidence of the mixing between mineral and pollution aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39:7020-7029.
[16] Xie S D,Yu T,Zhang Y H,et al.Characteristics of PM₁₀,SO_2,NO\-x and O₃in ambient air during the dust storm period in Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2005,345:153-164.
[17] Han L H,Zhuang G S,Cheng S Y,et al.The mineral aerosol and its impact on urban pollution aerosols over Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41:7533-7546
[18] Fu Q Y,Zhuang G S,Li J,et al.Source,long-range transport,and characteristics of a heavy dust pollution event in Shanghai[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2010,115:D00K29.
[19] Wang L,Du H H,Chen J M,et al.Consecutive transport of anthropogenic air masses and dust storm plume:two case events at Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,127(6):22-33.
[20] 杨民,王式功,李文莉,等.沙尘暴天气对兰州市环境影响的个例分析[J].气象,2001,30(4):46-50.
[21] 张宁,金小天.兰州市区春季PM₁₀污染特征[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(22):11871-11872.
[22] 王式功,杨民,祁斌,等.甘肃河西沙尘暴对兰州市空气污染的影响[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4):354-358.
[23] 肖正辉,邵龙义,张宁,等.兰州沙尘暴过程对PM₁₀组成变化的影响[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版),2010,29(3):506-508.
[24] 李玉霖,拓万全,崔建垣.兰州市沙尘和非沙尘天气沉降物的化学特性比较[J].中国沙漠,2006,26(4):648-651.
[25] Fu P J,Huang J P,Li C W,et al.The properties of dust aerosol and reducing tendency of the dust storms in northwest China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(23):5896-5904.
[26] 李国翠,王建国,连志鸾.石家庄大气污染与沙尘天气的关系分析[J].气象与环境学报,2007,23(2):1-5.
[27] 徐晓峰,张小玲,李青春.北京地区一次强沙尘天气过程的气象因子及空气污染状况分析[J].气象科技,2003,31:321-327.
[28] 岳平,牛生杰,沈建国,等.一次特强沙尘暴的微气象要素及PM₁₀观测分析[J].自然灾害学报,2009,18:118-123.
[29] Li X P,Feng L N,Huang C H,et al.Chemical characteristics of atmospheric fallout in the south of Xi'an during the dust episodes of 2001-2012(NWChina)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,83:109-118.
[30] 桑建人,孙银川,刘玉兰.银川市PM₁₀等气象条件分析[J].陕西气象,2002,(2):26-29.
[31] Tatarov B,Müller D,Noh Y M,et al.Record heavy mineral dust outbreaks over Korea in 2010:two cases observed with multiwavelength aerosol/depolarization/Raman-quartz lidar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39:L14801.