干旱荒漠蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫对降雨增加的短期响应

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00081

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

降雨脉动短期和长期变化会对干旱、半干旱区土壤生物群落结构及其功能产生深刻影响，现在对降雨短期增加如何影响荒漠土壤动物多样性的认识非常有限，还不清楚降雨短期增加对土壤动物群落结构及其功能的影响。本研究通过人工模拟增雨试验（自然降雨，增加5、10、15 mm降雨）后蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫群落动态监测，运用主响应曲线和重复测定方差分析等统计方法确定蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫数量及多样性变化与它们之间互作关系对降雨增加的短期响应规律。结果表明：降雨增加对蜘蛛的活动密度有负影响，但这种影响并没有显著降低蜘蛛的活动密度和类群丰富度。降雨增加对中型节肢动物的活动有正影响并随着降雨量增加而增大，增加15 mm降雨显著提高了跳虫的捕获数量，增加10 mm和15 mm降雨显著降低了螨类的捕获数量。降雨增加还降低了蜘蛛和中型土壤节肢动物及蜘蛛和跳虫的数量比值，螨类和跳虫的比值随着降雨量的增加而显著下降。蜘蛛和螨类的数量与土壤含水量显著负相关，跳虫的数量与土壤含水量显著正相关。此外，蜘蛛和跳虫、螨类和跳虫的数量比值与土壤水分含量显著负相关。总之，模拟降雨增加驱动的土壤水分变化提高了跳虫捕获数量并降低了螨类的捕获数量，还降低了蜘蛛和螨类对跳虫的捕食强度，这会改变土壤动物食物网结构及其功能。

关键词: 干旱荒漠, 降雨增加, 蜘蛛, 中型土壤动物, 营养结构

Abstract:

Short- and long-term changes in rainfall pulsations can have profound effects on the structure of soil biomes and their functioning in arid and semi-arid zones， and our understanding of how short-term increases in rainfall affect the diversity of desert soil fauna is very limited， and it is not yet clear how short-term increases in rainfall affect the structure of soil fauna and their functioning. In this study， the dynamics of spider， mite and springtail communities were monitored after artificial rainfall simulation experiments （natural rainfall， increased rainfall of 5， 10 and 15 mm）， and statistical methods such as principal response curves and repeated measures analysis of variance （ANOVA） were utilized to determine the short-term response patterns of changes in the abundance and diversity of spiders， mites， and springtails， as well as the interactions among them， in response to the increase in rainfall. The results showed that increased rainfall had a negative effect on the activity density of spiders， but this effect did not significantly reduce the activity density and taxa richness of spiders. Increased rainfall had a positive effect on the activity of medium-sized arthropods and increased with increasing rainfall， increasing rainfall by 15 mm significantly increased the number of springtails captured， and increasing rainfall by 10 mm and 15 mm significantly decreased the number of mites captured. Increased rainfall also decreased the population ratios of spiders and medium-sized soil arthropods and spiders and springtails， and the ratios of mites and springtails decreased significantly with increased rainfall. The number of spiders and mites was significantly and negatively correlated with soil moisture content and the number of springtails was significantly and positively correlated with soil moisture content. In addition， it was found that the ratio of spider and springtail and mite and hopper populations were significantly negatively correlated with soil moisture content. In conclusion， soil moisture changes driven by simulated increases in rainfall increased the number of springtails captures and decreased the number of mite captures， and decreased the predation intensity of spiders and mites on springtail， which could alter the structure of the soil fauna food web and its functioning.

Key words: arid desert, increased rainfall, spiders, medium-sized soil fauna, trophic structure

中图分类号:

Q958.1

秦畅, 刘继亮, 任嘉隆, 严祺涵, 赵文智, 方静, 辛未冬. 干旱荒漠蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫对降雨增加的短期响应[J]. 中国沙漠, 2025, 45(1): 141-150.

Chang Qin, Jiliang Liu, Jialong Ren, Qihan Yan, Wenzhi Zhao, Jing Fang, Weidong Xin. Short-term response of spiders， mites and springtails to increased rainfall in arid desert ecosystems[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2025, 45(1): 141-150.

图/表 8

图1 蜘蛛群落对模拟降雨增加处理的主响应曲线

Fig.1 Principal response curves （PRC） diagram showing the response over time of spider community to rainfall addition treatments. Taxon weights indicating the relative contribution of individual species to the community response displayed in the PRC diagram

图2 不同降雨增加处理下蜘蛛数量和类群丰富度比较

Fig.2 Comparison of spider abundance and taxa richness under different rainfall addition treatments

图3 中型节肢动物群落对模拟降雨增加处理的主响应曲线

Fig.3 Principal response curves （PRC） diagram showing the response over time of mesoarthropod community to rainfall addition treatments. Taxon weights indicating the relative contribution of individual species to the community response displayed in the PRC diagram

图4 不同降雨增加处理下中型节肢动物数量和类群丰富度比较

Fig.4 Comparison of mesoarthropod abundance and taxa richness under different rainfall addition treatments

图5 不同降雨增加处理下螨类和跳虫数量和类群丰富度比较

Fig.5 Comparison of mite and springtail abundance and taxa richness under different rainfall addition treatments

图6 不同降雨增加处理下蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫数量比值

Fig.6 Ratio of spider， mite， and springtail abundance under different rainfall addition treatments

表1 蜘蛛、螨类和跳虫数量与环境要素的Spearman相关系数（ n=24）

Table 1 Spearman correlations of the abundance of spiders， mites， and springtails with environmental factors （ n=24）

环境指标	蜘蛛	螨类	跳虫
草本盖度/%	-0.18	-0.02	-0.14
草本物种丰富度	0.09	-0.09	0.26
土壤硬度/mm	-0.23	-0.05	-0.29
土壤容重/（g·cm^-3)	-0.01	-0.18	0.40⁺
土壤含水量/%	-0.45^*	-0.79^***	0.56^**
土壤温度/℃	0.36⁺	0.64^***	-0.73^***

图7 蜘蛛、螨类、跳虫的比值与土壤含水量的关系

Fig.7 Relationships of the abundance of spiders， mites， and springtails and the ratio of spiders， mites， and springtails with soil water content

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