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中国沙漠 ›› 2010, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 8-25.

• 沙漠与沙漠化 • 上一篇    下一篇

城镇防沙的理论框架与技术模式

邹学勇1, 张春来1, 吴晓旭1, 石 莎2, 钱 江1, 王仁德1   

  1. 1.北京师范大学 地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室/防沙治沙教育部工程研究中心,北京 100875; 2.中央民族大学 生命与环境科学学院, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2008-12-20 修回日期:2009-07-18 出版日期:2010-01-20 发布日期:2010-01-20

Theory Frame and Technology Model of Protecting Cities and Towns from Blown-sand Disasters

ZOU Xue-yong1, ZHANG Chun-lai1, WU Xiao-xu1, SHI Sha2, QIAN Jiang1, WANG Ren-de1   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, MOE Engineering Center of Desertification and Blown-sand Control at Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2.College of Life and Environment Sciences, Central University for Nationalities, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2008-12-20 Revised:2009-07-18 Online:2010-01-20 Published:2010-01-20

摘要: 城镇防沙是在国家需求推动下产生的新领域,在没有形成自身理论体系的情况下,只能以风沙物理学、治沙工程学、恢复生态学,以及沙漠化防治和可持续发展等相关理论与技术为基础,通过工程实践和理论研究逐步建立城镇防沙理论体系。初步总结出的城镇防沙理论体系包括风沙灾害成因与区域风沙流场特征、城镇周边土地利用空间格局优化、防沙工程体系优化配置、防沙工程效率评估与预测4个分支领域,14项主要研究内容和9个支撑学科;技术体系包括8个分支技术领域和一个总目标(即:城镇防沙技术优化模式)。除青藏高原外的城镇防沙技术模式具有圈层结构特征,第一圈层都是以市(镇)区为核心的绿化景观带。对于地处半湿润风沙区外缘的城镇,第二圈层为高效农牧业生产区,第三圈层为生态涵养圈,第四圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半湿润风沙区内部的城镇,第二圈层为农牧业生产与沙丘封禁区,第三圈层为封禁保护圈。对于半干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为沙丘(地)封禁与农牧业生产区,分为近郊设施农业圈、远郊沙丘(地)封禁与农牧户独立生产圈两个次级圈层,第三圈层为沙丘(地)封禁保护圈。对于干旱风沙区城镇,第二圈层为节水灌溉农业区,第三圈层为外围防护带,第四圈层为封禁保护带。对于地处青藏高原山间盆地的城镇,防沙工程一般采取近郊“防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,外层为“沙障+防护林带+人工草地+灌溉系统”,再外层为“防护林带+草地改良+封禁保护”的布局模式。对于地处青藏高原河流宽谷的城镇,防沙工程技术模式在宏观上根据河道走向布局,局部充分考虑防沙治沙与河道整治、水土流失和地质灾害治理有机结合,细节上依据沙尘源地类型和分布地貌位置选择防沙技术。

关键词: 城镇, 防沙, 理论框架, 技术模式

Abstract: Protecting cities and towns from blown-sand disasters (PCTBD) is a new scientific field promoted by national demand. Its own theoretical system may be established gradually based on Blown Sand Physics, Sand Control Engineering, Restoration Ecology, and theory as well as technology related to desertification control and sustainable development, and supported by engineering practices and theoretical research of preventing blown-sand disasters. The theoretical frame of PCTBD preliminarily summarized in this paper contains four branch fields, fourteen main research contents and nine supporting disciplines. The branch fields include cause of blown-sand disasters and regional characteristics of wind-sand flow field, spatial optimization of land use in peripheral areas of towns, scheme optimization of preventing blown-sand disaster engineering, efficiency evaluation and prediction of the engineering. Technical system includes eight branch technology fields and one general goal of optimized model of PCTBD. Except for that of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the the technical systems of PCTBD all show ring-structure characteristic and they all have green landscape zone as the first ring closed to urban district. For cities and towns located on the fringe of desertified land in semi-humid areas, the second ring is high-efficiency agriculture-stock production zone, the third ring is eco-conserving division, and the fourth ring is closure of nature reserve. As for cities and towns in desertified land in semi-humid areas, the second ring is agriculture-stock patches dispersal in sand dunes forsook zone, the third ring is forsook protection zone. For cities and towns in desertified land in semi-arid areas, the second ring is sand dunes forsook and agriculture-stock production zone divided into two sub-rings of suburban facility agriculture ring and sand dunes forsook as well as independent production ring of household farm, the third ring is sand dune forsook protection zone. As for cities and towns in desertified land in arid areas, the second ring is irrigation agriculture zone, the third ring is peripheral protective zone, the fourth ring is forsook protection zone. As for cities and towns in intermountain basins on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the preventing blown-sand disaster engineering usually adopt scheme of "shelter belt, artificial grassland and irrigation system" closed to urban district, "blown-sand barrier, shelter belt, artificial grassland and irrigation system" in peripheral area, "shelter belt, grassland improvement and forsook system" in further peripheral area. As for cities and towns in valleys on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, scheme of preventing blown-sand disaster engineering is arranged in macro-scale according to river course trend, locally making full consideration of organic integration of blown-sand control, river course regulation, soil and water conservation, geological hazard governance, in detail choosing blown-sand control techniques according to sand-dust resource types and distribution geomorphic locations.

Key words: cities and towns, blown-sand disaster prevention, theory frame, technology model

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