防护林疏透度对近地层大气降尘的影响——以新疆策勒为例

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2015.00234

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 防护林在削弱风速、减少风蚀的同时又可以影响近地层的大气降尘。为探讨防护林疏透度（β）对大气降尘的影响，对新疆杨防护林庇护区0.5 m和3 m高度降尘进行野外观测，并分析了两个高度降尘量空间分布。结果表明：β大于0.47时，防护林对降尘空间分布没有明显影响，0.5 m高度降尘量大于3 m高度，且林后3 m高度降尘量比较平稳，而林后0.5 m高度降尘量出现较大波动；β从0.47下降到0.2时，防护林可以明显影响林后降尘，两个高度降尘量变化趋势相似且平均降尘量差距减小；此段时间，林后两个高度均出现高降尘区，且0.5 m高度的高降尘区滞后于3 m高度。防护林在中等疏透度时（0.2～0.47）可以明显影响林后水平和垂直方向大气降尘，导致林后出现高降尘区，并促进3 m高度降尘，减小两个高度降尘量的差距。因此，应避免将易受降尘危害的作物种植在林后高降尘区。

关键词: 防护林, 降尘, 疏透度, 策勒

Abstract: Shelterbelt had important effect not only on wind erosion but also on the dust deposition at surface layer. To identify the effect of shelterbelt with different porosity (β) on dust deposition, the dust samples at 0.5 m and 3 m height around Populus alba shelterbelt were collected. Results indicated that β was the key factor to control the dust deposition. When β>0.47, the shelterbelt had no significant effect on dust deposition, and the deposition rates at 0.5 m height were higher than 3 m. The variation of deposition at 0.5 m height was considerable but relative steady at 3 m height. When β decreased from 0.47 to 0.2, the shelterbelt had significant effect on dust deposition, and the two heights had similar dust deposition pattern, and the deposition gap between two heights had decreased. Besides. There were high dustfall zones at the leeward of shelterbelt at both the two heights, but the high dustfall zone at 0.5 m height lagged behind the 3 m height. In conclusion, the shelterbelt with medium porosity (0.2-0.47) can affect the horizontal and vertical distribution of dust deposition, resulting in the leeward of shelterbelt had a high dust deposition zone. The shelterbelt can enhance the dust deposition at 3 m height to reduce the dustfall gap between 0.5 m and 3 m. In view of the high dustfall zone at the leeward of the shelterbelt, the dust-vulnerable plants (e.g. cotton, winter wheat) should be planted far away from the near-leeward of the shelterbelt.

Key words: shelterbelt, dust deposition, porosity, Cele

中图分类号:

X169

徐立帅, 穆桂金, 孙琳, 任晓, 周杰. 防护林疏透度对近地层大气降尘的影响——以新疆策勒为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 2017, 37(1): 57-64.

Xu Lishuai, Mu Guijin, Sun Lin, Ren Xiao, Zhou Jie. Effect of Shelterbelt on Dust Deposition at Surface Layer: A case study in Cele, Xinjiang, China[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2017, 37(1): 57-64.

参考文献

[1] 李海梅,刘霞.青岛市城阳区主要园林树种叶片表皮形态与滞尘量的关系[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(10):1659-1662.
[2] 程政红,吴际友,刘云国,等.岳阳市主要绿化树种滞尘效应研究[J].中国城市林业,2004,2(2):37-40.
[3] 柴一新,祝宁,韩焕金.城市绿化树种的滞尘效应——以哈尔滨市为例[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1121-1126.
[4] 邱媛,管东生,宋巍巍,等.惠州城市植被的滞尘效应[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2455-2462.
[5] 高金晖,王冬梅,赵亮,等.植物叶片滞尘规律研究——以北京市为例[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,29(2):94-99.
[6] 周洪华,李卫红,冷超,等.绿洲-荒漠过渡带典型防护林体系环境效益及其生态功能[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(1):82-90.
[7] 阿迪力·吾彼尔,袁素芬,赵万羽.准噶尔盆地新建防护林对林下土壤理化性状的影响[J].干旱区地理,2007,30(3):420-425.
[8] Bouvet T,Loubet B,Wilson J D,et al.Filtering of windborne particles by a natural windbreak[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,2007,123(3):481-509.
[9] Mohammed A E,Stigter C J,Adam H S.On shelterbelt design for combating sand invasion[J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment,1996,57(2/3):81-90.
[10] Raupach M R,Woods N,Dorr G,et al.The entrapment of particles by windbreaks[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(20):3373-3383.
[11] Cornelis W M,Gabriels D.Optimal windbreak design for wind-erosion control[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,61(2):315-332.
[12] Ma H,Lu Y,Xing Y,et al.Rural households' attitude and economic strategies toward the conversion of cropland to forest and grassland program (CCFG):a case study in Qira,China[J].Environmental Management,2009,43(6):1039-1047.
[13] Guo H,Zeng F,Arndt S K,et al.Influence of floodwater irrigation on vegetation composition and vegetation regeneration in a Taklimakan desert oasis[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53:156-163.
[14] 邢文娟,雷加强,王海峰,等.荒漠-绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势分析——以策勒县为例[J].干旱区研究,2008,25(6):894-898.
[15] Wan D,Mu G,Jin Z,et al.The effects of oasis on aeolian deposition under different weather conditions:a case study at the southern margin of the Taklimakan desert[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2013,68(1):103-114.
[16] 王翠,雷加强,李生宇,等.策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风沙流挟沙粒度的垂直分异[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(2):230-238.
[17] 穆桂金,贺俊霞,雷加强,等.再议绿洲-沙漠过渡带——以策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):195-202.
[18] Sun J M,Liu T S,Lei Z F.Sources of heavy dust fall in Beijing,China on April 16,1998[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(14):2105-2108.
[19] Singer A,Ganor E,Dultz S,et al.Dust deposition over the Dead Sea[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,53(1):41-59.
[20] Li J C,Dong Z B,Wang X M,et al.Seasonal variations in dustfall and its iron content over North China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2008,25(3):467-473.
[21] 孙琳,穆桂金,周杰,等.塔里木盆地南缘策勒绿洲边缘新疆杨防护林疏透度的季相变化[J].干旱区研究,2015,32(6):1181-1185.
[22] 汪万福,李最雄,刘贤万,等.敦煌莫高窟顶灌木林带防护效应研究[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):52-58.
[23] 程致力,高尚武,王志刚.人工绿洲防护林体系对沙尘控制作用的研究[J].林业科学研究,1989,2(5):483-488.
[24] Wang H,Takle E S.A numerical-simulation of boundary-layer flows near shelterbelts[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1995,75(1/2):141-173.
[25] Guan D X,Zhang Y S,Zhu T Y.A wind-tunnel study of windbreak drag[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,118(1/2):75-84.
[26] Santiago J L,Martin F,Cuerva A,et al.Experimental and numerical study of wind flow behind windbreaks[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(30):6406-6420.
[27] Wang H,Takle E S.Model-simulated influences of shelterbelt shape on wind-sheltering efficiency[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1997,36(6):695-704.
[28] Wang H,Takle E S.On three-dimensionality of shelterbelt structure and its influences on shelter effects[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1996,79(1/2):83-105.
[29] Wang H,Takle E S.Momentum budget and shelter mechanism of boundary-layer flow near a shelterbelt[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology,1997,82(3):417-435.
[30] 万的军,穆桂金,雷加强.基于绿洲尺度沙尘暴天气降尘的变化特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(1):26-30.
[31] Zhao M,Zhan K J,Qiu G Y,et al.Experimental investigation of the height profile of sand-dust fluxes in the 0-50 m layer and the effects of vegetation on dust reduction[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(2):403-410.
[32] Zhao M,Zhan K,Yang Z,et al.Characteristics of the lower layer of sandstorms in the Minqin desert-oasis zone[J].Science China-Earth Sciences,2011,54(5):703-710.
[33] Cleugh H A,Hughes D E.Impact of shelter on crop microclimates:a synthesis of results from wind tunnel and field experiments[J].Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture,2002,42(6):679-701.
[34] Dong Z B,Qian G Q,Luo W Y,et al.Threshold velocity for wind erosion:the effects of porous fences[J].Environmental Geology,2006,51(3):471-475.
[35] 李巧云,关振寰,殷芙蓉,等.浮尘对冬小麦叶片光合作用及细胞膜透性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(8):1387-1391.
[36] Zia-Khan S,Spreer W,Yang P,et al.Effect of dust deposition on stomatal conductance and leaf temperature of cotton in Northwest China[J].Water,2015,7(1):116-131.
[37] 文倩,关欣,崔卫国.和田地区大气降尘对土壤作用的研究[J].干旱区研究,2002,19(3):1-5.