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中国沙漠 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (1): 209-218.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00169

• • 上一篇    

柴达木盆地降水梯度下荒漠植被分布特征及影响因素

康文蓉1,2(), 赵文智1(), 张勇勇1, 马登科1, 马圆圆1,2, 岳奕帆3, 周国英4   

  1. 1.中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院 临泽内陆河流域综合研究站,甘肃 兰州 730000
    2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    3.宁夏大学,宁夏 银川 750021
    4.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,青海 西宁 810008
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30 修回日期:2025-12-22 出版日期:2026-01-20 发布日期:2026-03-09
  • 通讯作者: 赵文智
  • 作者简介:康文蓉(1997—),女,山东莱芜人,博士研究生,主要从事生态水文研究. E-mail: kangwenrong@nieer.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42230720);2023年度青海省“昆仑英才·高端创新创业人才”计划项目

Vegetation distribution characteristics and influencing factors along a precipitation gradient in the Qaidam Basin

Wenrong Kang1,2(), Wenzhi Zhao1(), Yongyong Zhang1, Denke Ma1, Yuanyuan Ma1,2, Yifan Yue3, Guoying Zhou4   

  1. 1.Linze Inland River Basin Research Station,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China
    3.Ningxia University,Yinchuan 750021,China
    4.Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xining 810008,China
  • Received:2025-10-30 Revised:2025-12-22 Online:2026-01-20 Published:2026-03-09
  • Contact: Wenzhi Zhao

摘要:

降水是主导荒漠区植被空间分异和植物群落变化的关键因子。本文以柴达木盆地为研究区,选择年降水量分别为200~300、100~200、50~100 mm的典型荒漠样地,调查植被群落组成、空间格局与土壤理化性质,并探讨其与降水的耦合关系。通过样方调查与无人机航测获取植被组成与格局信息,结合植物多样性指数和景观格局指标,利用Mantel检验和相关性分析揭示植被与环境因子的关系。结果表明:随着降水量递减,群落草本比例逐渐降低,50~100 mm降水组群落结构呈单一灌木型;200~300 mm降水组Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.14±0.32,显著高于100~200 mm降水组的0.93±0.74和50~100 mm降水组的0.36±0.40;Evenness均匀度与Margalef丰富度指数无显著差异(P>0.05)。随降水递减,植被覆盖度显著下降,3组平均值分别为11.15%、6.37%、1.81%,空间格局由相对连片向稀疏、破碎化转变。土壤养分整体水平较低且组间差异不显著,0~20 cm全氮在200~300 mm降水组最高(0.05 g·kg⁻¹);全磷和全钾在100~200 mm降水组最高,分别为0.60、17.97 g·kg⁻¹;土壤pH为7.05~8.26。Mantel分析表明,植被综合指标与环境因子显著相关(P<0.01),其中与地下水埋深相关性最强。土壤性质与植被指标的整体相关性不显著(P>0.05)。柴达木盆地荒漠群落组成与空间格局主要受水分条件驱动,土壤养分影响较弱。研究结果可为高原荒漠区植被恢复与生态管理提供理论依据。

关键词: 柴达木盆地, 荒漠区, 物种多样性, 土壤养分

Abstract:

Precipitation is a key factor governing the spatial differentiation of vegetation and plant community dynamics in arid regions. This study was conducted in the Qaidam Basin, where typical desert sites along three mean annual precipitation gradients (200-300 mm, 100-200 mm, and 50-100 mm) were selected to investigate plant community composition, spatial patterns, and soil physicochemical properties, and to explore their relationships with precipitation. Vegetation composition and spatial structure were quantified through field quadrat surveys combined with UAV-based imagery, and their associations with environmental factors were examined using diversity indices, landscape metrics, Mantel tests, and correlation analyses. The results showed that, with decreasing precipitation, the proportion of herbaceous species declined markedly, and plant communities in the 50-100 mm precipitation zone became dominated by a single shrub life form. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was significantly higher in the 200-300 mm zone (1.14±0.32) than in the 100-200 mm (0.93±0.74) and 50-100 mm (0.36±0.40) zones, whereas Evenness and Margalef richness indices did not differ significantly among precipitation gradients (P>0.05). Vegetation cover decreased significantly with declining precipitation, with mean values of 11.15%, 6.37%, and 1.81% for the three gradients, respectively, accompanied by a shift in spatial pattern from relatively continuous to sparse and fragmented. Soil nutrient levels were generally low and showed no significant differences among precipitation zones. Total nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer was highest in the 200-300 mm zone (0.05 g·kg⁻¹), while total phosphorus and total potassium reached their highest values in the 100-200 mm zone (0.60 and 17.97 g·kg⁻¹, respectively). Soil pH ranged from 7.05 to 8.26 across all sites. Mantel analysis indicated that vegetation metrics were significantly correlated with environmental factors as a whole (P<0.01), with groundwater depth showing the strongest association, whereas overall correlations between soil properties and vegetation indicators were not significant (P>0.05). These results demonstrate that vegetation composition and spatial patterns in the Qaidam Basin deserts are primarily controlled by water availability, while the influence of soil nutrients is relatively weak. The findings provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological management in high-altitude arid desert regions.

Key words: Qaidam Basin, desert region, species diversity, soil nutrients

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