Vegetation characteristics of the Tengger Desert

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2020.00053

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2020, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 223-233.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2020.00053

Vegetation characteristics of the Tengger Desert

Delu Li²(), Quanlin Ma²(), Jinchun Zhang², Fang Chen¹(), Xinrong Li³, Hongbo Yuan², Linyuan Wei¹, Haotian Yang³, Zhong Zhang¹

^1.State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Desertification and Aeolian Sand Disaster Combating /, Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730070, China
^2.Minqin National Studies Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem, Gansu Desert Control Research Institute, Lanzhou 730070, China
^3.Shapotou Desert Research and Experiment Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received:2020-01-03 Revised:2020-06-29 Online:2020-08-20 Published:2020-09-01
Contact: Quanlin Ma,Fang Chen

Abstract

Abstract:

Vegetation played an important role in maintaining the ecosystem stability, promoting biodiversity conservation, windbreak and sand fixation in the Tengger desert. On the basis of field investigation and consulting data, vegetation types were divided, and quantitative characteristics of typical plant communities were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) There were abundant vegetation types in the Tengger desert, including 6 vegetation type groups, 17 vegetation (sub) types and 35 vegetation groups,which had typical vegetation characteristics of desertification grassland.The spatial distribution of vegetation was obviously different in the Tengger desert. The quicksand was widely distributed in the south, the vegetation type was single, while the Gobi and desert were crisscross distributed in the north, and the vegetation type and species composition were relatively rich. (2) There were 382 species of natural seed plants belonging to 201 genera, 60 families in the Tengger desert.Perennial herbs, annual herbs and shrubs accounted for 44.50%, 25.92% and 21.99% of the total species, and the number of arbors, parasitic herbs and aquatic herbs was small. (3) In typical shrub communities in the Tengger desert, annual herbs accounted for a large proportion, followed by perennial herbs, and shrubs accounted for a relatively small proportion. Shrubs were often the dominant species and belonged to stable layers in the community, while the number of annual herbs varied with rainfall and belonged to unstable layer.(4) The community diversity varies greatly from north to south. The species composition of the community in the south of the desert is relatively single, and the species richness, Simpson index, Shanon Wiener index and interspecific encounter rate are relatively low. The species composition of the community in the north of the desert is rich, the diversity index is high, and the ecological dominance is not obvious.

Key words: Tengger desert, vegetation type, community distribution, species composition, community structure

CLC Number:

Q948.15

Delu Li, Quanlin Ma, Jinchun Zhang, Fang Chen, Xinrong Li, Hongbo Yuan, Linyuan Wei, Haotian Yang, Zhong Zhang. Vegetation characteristics of the Tengger Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2020, 40(4): 223-233.

Figures/Tables 6

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编号	群落名称	地点	经度（E）	纬度（N）	海拔/m	植被类型
1	绵刺+驼绒藜群落(Potaninia mongolica +Krascheninnikovia ceratoides)	内蒙古阿右旗曼德拉苏木	103°47′35.96″	39°51′46.85″	1442.8	草原化灌木荒漠
2	红砂+泡泡刺群落(Reaumuria soongarica+Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	内蒙古阿右旗曼德拉苏木	104°04′16.36″	39°41′51.99″	1250.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
3	白刺群落( Nitraria tangutorum)	内蒙古阿左旗高高温多尔	105°03′33.33″	38°34′20.03″	1304.0	灌木荒漠
4	沙蒿群落(Artemisia desertorum )	甘肃民勤县苏武镇白土井	103°17′46.53″	38°44′40.42″	1451.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
5	尖叶盐爪爪+细枝盐爪爪群落(Kalidium cuspidatum+ Kalidium gracile)	甘肃民勤县南湖	103°17′37.07″	38°12′03.33″	1455.3	多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠
6	油蒿群落(Artemisia ordosica)	甘肃古浪县吴家井	103°2′52.10″	37°49′56.73″	1591.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
7	泡泡刺群落(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	甘肃民勤县西渠镇	103°23′39.33″	39°17′07.09″	1389.9	灌木荒漠
8	膜果麻黄群落(Ephedra przewalskii)	甘肃民勤县薛百镇沙井子	102°51′22.30″	38°33′55.85″	1378.0	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
9	霸王群落(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)	甘肃民勤县红砂岗镇红敖包	102°53′24.22″	38°59′03.72″	1441.7	灌木荒漠
10	柠条锦鸡儿+泡泡刺群落(Caragana korshinskii+ Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	甘肃民勤县红砂岗镇红敖包	102°54′02.26″	39°01′24.25″	1444.5	落叶阔叶灌丛
11	沙冬青群落(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)	内蒙古阿左旗乌兰温都日	104°24′38.99″	38°03′07.57″	1488.0	常绿阔叶林
12	盐爪爪群落(Kalidium foliatum)	内蒙古阿左旗迈罕温多尔	104°33'59.16"	38°20'54.47"	1348.0	多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠

编号	群落名称	地点	经度（E）	纬度（N）	海拔/m	植被类型
1	绵刺+驼绒藜群落(Potaninia mongolica +Krascheninnikovia ceratoides)	内蒙古阿右旗曼德拉苏木	103°47′35.96″	39°51′46.85″	1442.8	草原化灌木荒漠
2	红砂+泡泡刺群落(Reaumuria soongarica+Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	内蒙古阿右旗曼德拉苏木	104°04′16.36″	39°41′51.99″	1250.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
3	白刺群落( Nitraria tangutorum)	内蒙古阿左旗高高温多尔	105°03′33.33″	38°34′20.03″	1304.0	灌木荒漠
4	沙蒿群落(Artemisia desertorum )	甘肃民勤县苏武镇白土井	103°17′46.53″	38°44′40.42″	1451.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
5	尖叶盐爪爪+细枝盐爪爪群落(Kalidium cuspidatum+ Kalidium gracile)	甘肃民勤县南湖	103°17′37.07″	38°12′03.33″	1455.3	多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠
6	油蒿群落(Artemisia ordosica)	甘肃古浪县吴家井	103°2′52.10″	37°49′56.73″	1591.2	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
7	泡泡刺群落(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	甘肃民勤县西渠镇	103°23′39.33″	39°17′07.09″	1389.9	灌木荒漠
8	膜果麻黄群落(Ephedra przewalskii)	甘肃民勤县薛百镇沙井子	102°51′22.30″	38°33′55.85″	1378.0	半灌木、矮灌木荒漠
9	霸王群落(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)	甘肃民勤县红砂岗镇红敖包	102°53′24.22″	38°59′03.72″	1441.7	灌木荒漠
10	柠条锦鸡儿+泡泡刺群落(Caragana korshinskii+ Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	甘肃民勤县红砂岗镇红敖包	102°54′02.26″	39°01′24.25″	1444.5	落叶阔叶灌丛
11	沙冬青群落(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)	内蒙古阿左旗乌兰温都日	104°24′38.99″	38°03′07.57″	1488.0	常绿阔叶林
12	盐爪爪群落(Kalidium foliatum)	内蒙古阿左旗迈罕温多尔	104°33'59.16"	38°20'54.47"	1348.0	多汁盐生矮半灌木荒漠

植被型组	植被型	植被亚型	植被群系
灌丛	Ⅰ.落叶阔叶灌丛	（一）温性落叶阔叶灌丛	1.柠条锦鸡儿灌丛(Caragana korshinskii) 2.蒙古扁桃灌丛(Amygdalus mongolica) 3.白刺灌丛(Nitraria tangutorum)
荒漠	Ⅰ.温带荒漠	（二）灌木荒漠	4.猫头刺荒漠(Oxytropis aciphylla) 5.泡泡刺荒漠(Nitraria sphaerocarpa) 6.绵刺荒漠(Potaninia mongolica) 7.沙冬青荒漠(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) 8.膜果麻黄荒漠(Ephedra przewalskii) 9.霸王荒漠(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)
		（三）半灌木、小灌木荒漠	10.红砂荒漠(Reaumuria soongarica) 11.油蒿荒漠(Artemisia ordosica) 12.沙蒿荒漠（Artemisia desertorum） 13.驼绒藜荒漠 (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides ) 14.合头草荒漠(Sympegma regelii) 15.鹰爪柴荒漠（Convolvulus gortschakovii）
		（四）盐生小灌木荒漠	16.盐爪爪荒漠(Kalidium foliatum) 17.细枝盐爪爪荒漠(Kalidium gracile)
草原	Ⅱ.温带荒漠草原	（五）小半灌木荒漠草原	18.灌木亚菊草原(Ajania fruticulosa) 19. 内蒙古旱蒿荒漠草原（Artemisia xerophytica）
草原	Ⅱ.温带荒漠草原	（六）丛生禾草荒漠草原	20.戈壁针茅草原(Stipa tianschanica) 21.沙生针茅草原(Stipa caucasica)
草甸	Ⅲ.盐化草甸	（七）根茎禾草草甸	22.拂子茅草甸(Calamagrostis epigeios)
		（八）丛生禾草盐生草甸	23.芨芨草草甸(Achnatherum splendens)
		（九）根茎禾草盐生草甸	24.赖草草甸(Leymus secalinus)
		（十）杂草类盐生草甸	25.马蔺草甸(Iris lactea) 26. 大叶白麻草甸（Apocynum pictum）
		（十一）一年生盐生植物群落	27. 碱蓬群落(Suaeda glauca)
沼泽	Ⅳ.草本类沼泽	（十二）莎草沼泽	28.水葱沼泽 (Scirpus validus) 29.丛薹草、小花灯心草沼泽(Carex caespitosa-Juncus articulatus) 30.球穗藨草沼泽(Scirpus wichurae)
		（十三）根茎禾草沼泽	31.芦苇沼泽(Phragmites australis)
		（十四）杂草类沼泽	32.达香蒲沼泽(Typha davidiana)
水生	Ⅴ.水生植被	（十五）沉水水生植被	33.角果藻、狐尾藻群系(Zannichellia palustris - Myriophyllum verticillatum)
		（十六）浮水水生植被	34.穿叶眼子菜群系(Potamogeton perfoliatus)
		（十七）挺水水生植被	35.草泽泻群系(Alisma gramineum)

植被型组	植被型	植被亚型	植被群系
灌丛	Ⅰ.落叶阔叶灌丛	（一）温性落叶阔叶灌丛	1.柠条锦鸡儿灌丛(Caragana korshinskii) 2.蒙古扁桃灌丛(Amygdalus mongolica) 3.白刺灌丛(Nitraria tangutorum)
荒漠	Ⅰ.温带荒漠	（二）灌木荒漠	4.猫头刺荒漠(Oxytropis aciphylla) 5.泡泡刺荒漠(Nitraria sphaerocarpa) 6.绵刺荒漠(Potaninia mongolica) 7.沙冬青荒漠(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) 8.膜果麻黄荒漠(Ephedra przewalskii) 9.霸王荒漠(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)
		（三）半灌木、小灌木荒漠	10.红砂荒漠(Reaumuria soongarica) 11.油蒿荒漠(Artemisia ordosica) 12.沙蒿荒漠（Artemisia desertorum） 13.驼绒藜荒漠 (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides ) 14.合头草荒漠(Sympegma regelii) 15.鹰爪柴荒漠（Convolvulus gortschakovii）
		（四）盐生小灌木荒漠	16.盐爪爪荒漠(Kalidium foliatum) 17.细枝盐爪爪荒漠(Kalidium gracile)
草原	Ⅱ.温带荒漠草原	（五）小半灌木荒漠草原	18.灌木亚菊草原(Ajania fruticulosa) 19. 内蒙古旱蒿荒漠草原（Artemisia xerophytica）
草原	Ⅱ.温带荒漠草原	（六）丛生禾草荒漠草原	20.戈壁针茅草原(Stipa tianschanica) 21.沙生针茅草原(Stipa caucasica)
草甸	Ⅲ.盐化草甸	（七）根茎禾草草甸	22.拂子茅草甸(Calamagrostis epigeios)
		（八）丛生禾草盐生草甸	23.芨芨草草甸(Achnatherum splendens)
		（九）根茎禾草盐生草甸	24.赖草草甸(Leymus secalinus)
		（十）杂草类盐生草甸	25.马蔺草甸(Iris lactea) 26. 大叶白麻草甸（Apocynum pictum）
		（十一）一年生盐生植物群落	27. 碱蓬群落(Suaeda glauca)
沼泽	Ⅳ.草本类沼泽	（十二）莎草沼泽	28.水葱沼泽 (Scirpus validus) 29.丛薹草、小花灯心草沼泽(Carex caespitosa-Juncus articulatus) 30.球穗藨草沼泽(Scirpus wichurae)
		（十三）根茎禾草沼泽	31.芦苇沼泽(Phragmites australis)
		（十四）杂草类沼泽	32.达香蒲沼泽(Typha davidiana)
水生	Ⅴ.水生植被	（十五）沉水水生植被	33.角果藻、狐尾藻群系(Zannichellia palustris - Myriophyllum verticillatum)
		（十六）浮水水生植被	34.穿叶眼子菜群系(Potamogeton perfoliatus)
		（十七）挺水水生植被	35.草泽泻群系(Alisma gramineum)

生活型	种	样地号
生活型	种	1	2	3	4	5	6	8	7	9	10	11	12
合计		2523.4	3645.6	291.8	297.4	406.2	176.2	12553.4	38	1023.2	61.8	57.8	1023.6
灌木	绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)	24.6	2.4					1.0
	驼绒藜(Krascheninnikovia ceratoides )	2.2	7.0
	红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)	4.8	28.0			1.6							0.2
	泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)		4.0					1.6	15.6	2.6	9
	白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)			9.8		4.4		0.4	2.4		0.6	2.6	4.2
	沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）				27.2			1.8
	尖叶盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum）					40.6
	细枝盐爪爪(Kalidium gracile)					17.6
	油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)			1.0			6.2
	膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)				0.2			8.4
	霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)	1.2	1.4							8		6.6
	柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)										2.2
	矮脚锦鸡儿(Caragana brachypoda)		15.6							21.2
	猫头刺(Oxytropis aciphylla)							3.2		1.2
	鹰爪柴(Convolvulus gortschakovii)		1.2					1.4		0.2
	戈壁天门冬(Asparagus gobicus)	0.8	0.4	1.0
	中亚紫菀木(Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus)							0.8
	小果白刺(Nitraria sibirica)					2
	沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)							4.6
	珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)	9.8	5.6
	裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)							0.2
	沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)											4.4
	盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)												29.2
	小计	43.40(1.72%)	65.69(1.80%)	11.8(0.04%)	27.4(9.21%)	66.2(16.30%)	6.2(3.52%)	23.4(0.02%)	18(47.37%)	33.2（3.24%)	11.8(19.09%)	13.6(23.53%)	33.6(3.28%)
多年生草本	无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)	20.0	660.0					130.0		300.0
	沙葱(Allium mongolicum)	130.0	220.0					70.0		240.0
	沙生针茅(Stipa caucasica)		70.0		120.0			20.0		360.0	40.0
	荒漠黄芪(Astragalus alaschanensis)										10.0
	芦苇(Phragmites australis)			109.0		320.0	30.0
	沙竹（Psammochloa villosa）												220.0
	蒙古鸦葱(Scorzonera mongolica)					20.0
	苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)						10.0
	骆驼蓬(Peganum harmala)									10.0
	蝎虎霸王(Zygophyllum mucronatum)	10.0								60.0
	细叶骆驼蓬(Peganum nigellastrum)							330.0
	驼蹄瓣(Zygophyllum fabago)							140.0
	变异黄芪(Astragalus variabilis)				20.0
	苦马豆(Sphaerophysa salsula)			1.0
	丛薹草(Carex caespitosa)			19.0
	蒙山莴苣(Lactuca tatarica)			108.0
	长叶碱毛茛(Halerpestes ruthenica)			2
	小计	160(6.34%)	950(26.06%)	239(81.91%)	140(47.08%)	340(83.7%)	40(22.70%)	690(5.50%)	0	970(94.80%)	50(80.91%)	0	220(21.49%)
一二年生草本	蒺藜(Tribulus terrester)	250		40				360
	地锦(Euphorbia humifusa)	110.0	40.0					510.0
	冠芒草(Enneapogon borealis)	210.0	30.0					150.0
	画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)	1 050.0	2120.0					6 920.0		20.0
	碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)		440.0					40.0
	沙米(Agriophyllum squarrosum)				110.0		100.0	10.0	20.0			19.0	750.0
	蒙古虫实(Corispermum mongolicum)				20.0			140.0
	蒙古猪毛菜(Salsola ikonnikovii)	120.0						180.0				1.2	20.0
	五星蒿(Bassia dasyphylla)			6.0			30.0	170.0				24.0
	虎尾草(Chloris virgata)	90.0
	中亚滨藜(Atriplex centralasiatica)
	三芒草(Aristida adscensionis)	20.0						3 300.0
	白茎盐生草(Halogeton arachnoideus)	10.0		35.0				50.0
	斧翅沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum)							10.0
	猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)	460.0
	小计	2320(91.94%)	2630(72.14%)	41(14.05%)	130(43.71%)	0	130(73.78%)	11840(94.32%)	20(52.63%)	20(1.96%)	0	44.2(76.47%)	770(75.22%)

Vegetation characteristics of the Tengger Desert

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群落编号	植物群落类型	优势种	密度 /(株·hm^-2)	高度/cm	冠幅/cm²	盖度/%	重要值
1	绵刺+红砂群落	绵刺(Potaninia mongolica)	7 872.00	21.50	5 592.14	4.39	0.47
		红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)	1 152.00	23.50	4 144.80	1.01	0.18
		驼绒藜（Krascheninnikovia ceratoides）	352.00	35.56	2 609.85	3.06	0.22
2	红砂+泡泡刺群落	红砂(Reaumuria soongarica)	6 720.00	14.54	584.04	1.72	0.24
		泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	1 600.00	12.93	475.01	0.61	0.13
		珍珠猪毛菜（Salsola passerina）	1 792.00	12.00	459.73	0.26	0.11
3	白刺群落	白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)	3 920.00	28.38	6 217.67	8.86	0.86
4	沙蒿群落	沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）	6 096.00	61.22	6 944.59	10.73	0.82
5	尖叶盐爪爪+细枝盐爪爪群落	尖叶盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum）	16 240.00	33.11	3 726.38	44.51	0.37
5	尖叶盐爪爪+细枝盐爪爪群落	细枝盐爪爪(Kalidium gracile)	9 120.00	57.47	6 967.19	45.56	0.34
6	油蒿群落	油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)	1 984.00	62.50	9 115.65	14.74	1.00
7	泡泡刺群落	泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	6 240.00	22.67	3 353.47	9.22	0.62
		白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)	768.00	11.00	185.00	0.10	0.14
		猫头刺(Oxytropis aciphylla)	768.00	7.00	136.72	0.08	0.10
8	膜果麻黄群落	膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)	840.00	46.73	14 747.52	5.49	0.46
8	膜果麻黄群落	沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)	460.00	30.40	1 281.84	0.12	0.18
9	霸王群落	霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)	800.00	32.70	2 348.36	0.56	0.40
9	霸王群落	矮脚锦鸡儿(Caragana brachypoda)	1 696.00	13.31	178.82	0.14	0.28
10	柠条锦鸡儿+泡泡刺群落	柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)	208.00	51.43	8 099.23	1.61	0.27
10	柠条锦鸡儿+泡泡刺群落	泡泡刺(Nitraria sphaerocarpa)	720.00	48.80	21 044.65	2.14	0.42
11	沙冬青+霸王群落	沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus) 霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon)	2 080.00 2 240.00	63.93 54.51	22 293.70 5 346.03	9.06 2.24	0.48 0.32
12	盐爪爪群落	盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum)	7 936.00	30.05	1 388.61	12.98	0.76

植物群落类型	物种丰富度	Simpson指数	Shanon-wiener 指数	种间相遇率	Pielou均匀度指数	群落生态优势度
绵刺+驼绒藜群落	10.2±0.97^b	0.71±0.06^a	1.53±0.16^a	0.67±0.07^a	1.03±0.09^a	0.29±0.06^d
红砂+泡泡刺群落	8.2±0.66^bc	0.41±0.07^bc	0.78±0.10^cdef	0.41±0.07^bc	0.68±0.13^bc	0.59±0.07^bc
白刺群落	4±0.63^d	0.49±0.12^bc	0.94±0.10^bcde	0.5±0.12^abc	0.64±0.14^bc	0.51±0.12^bcd
沙蒿群落	2.8±0.37^d	0.32±0.11^cd	0.75±0.30^cdef	0.32±0.11^cd	0.61±0.19^cd	0.68±0.11^ab
尖叶盐爪爪+细枝盐爪爪群落	6.6±1.6^c	0.41±0.08^bc	0.78±0.12^cdef	0.41±0.08^bc	0.35±0.04^bc	0.59±0.08^bc
油蒿群落	2.6±0.24^d	0.41±0.08^bc	0.65±0.13^def	0.41±0.08^bc	0.68±0.10^bc	0.59±0.08^bc
泡泡刺群落	13.6±1.08^a	0.71±0.07^a	1.22±0.21^abc	0.34±0.09^cd	0.55±0.10^bcd	0.29±0.07^d
膜果麻黄群落	4±0.32^d	0.47±0.06^bc	0.9±0.08^bcde	0.5±0.07^abc	0.67±0.08^bc	0.53±0.06^bc
霸王群落	7±0.55^c	0.71±0.02^a	1.39±0.007^ab	0.71±0.02^a	0.68±0.08^bc	0.29±0.02^d
柠条锦鸡儿+泡泡刺群落	3.4±0.51^d	0.29±0.05^cd	0.45±0.07^ef	0.3±0.06^d	0.44±0.07^bcd	0.71±0.05^ab
沙冬青+霸王群落	4±0.63^d	0.59±0.06^b	1.15±0.90^bcd	0.61±0.06^ab	0.76±0.06^ab	0.41±0.06^cd
盐爪爪群落	4±0.63^d	0.15±0.05^d	0.32±0.09^f	0.15±0.05^d	0.26±0.06^d	0.85±0.05^a

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