Impact of cascade damming on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient distribution in the Heihe River Basin

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00044

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 73-83.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00044

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Impact of cascade damming on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient distribution in the Heihe River Basin

Yu Wang¹^,²(), Fengyun Xian¹, Jiping Chen³, Ying Zhang⁴, Yun Wei⁴, Yiyang Fan¹, Miao Tian¹

^1.School of Energy and Power Engineering /, Lanzhou University of Technology，Lanzhou 730050，China
^2.Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Biomass and Solar Energy Complementary Energy Supply System, Lanzhou University of Technology，Lanzhou 730050，China
^3.Hydrological Station of Gansu Province，Lanzhou 730030，China
^4.Water Environment Monitoring Center of Gansu Province，Lanzhou 730000，China

Received:2024-01-23 Revised:2024-03-14 Online:2024-09-20 Published:2024-10-15

Abstract

Abstract:

Cascade dams alter the hydrological characteristics along with material transport and transformation patterns of rivers， thereby influencing water environment quality. Therefore， exploring the spatio-temporal distribution impact of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） nutrients in the upper reaches of Heihe River under cascade dams and analyzing eutrophication risks is of certain reference significance for ecological restoration and cascade water resources management in Heihe River Basin. This study conducted statistical analysis on multi-year data of 10 water physicochemical indicators at 16 major monitoring sections in the upper reaches of Heihe River. The results demonstrate that there were significant spatio-temporal differences in the physicochemical properties of the water in the upper reaches of Heihe River. The overall water quality is weakly alkaline with good self-purification capacity， and the concentrations of total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） comply with Class III and Class II water quality standards. For temporal distribution， the concentrations of TN， ammonia nitrogen （NH₃-N）， and nitrite nitrogen （NO $2 -$ -N） in the upper reaches of Heihe River are higher during the dry season than the flood season， while TP concentration is higher during the flood season than the dry season. In terms of spatial distribution， the distribution of nutrient salts in individual reservoirs exhibits potential cumulative effects， but under the action of cascade reservoirs， the overall distribution of nutrient salts shows a decreasing trend， indicating that the cumulative effect along the river is gradually weakening. Furthermore， NH₃-N and NO $2 -$ -N are primarily distributed in the middle layer of the reservoir， while TN and TP have higher concentrations in the lower layer than the upper layer， indicating a stratification phenomenon with a large amount of N and P accumulating in the lower layer sediment. This study highlights the necessity for the implementation of management strategies aimed at mitigating eutrophication risks.

Key words: cascade damming, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, spatio-temporal distribution, eutrophication assessment, Heihe River

CLC Number:

P342

Yu Wang, Fengyun Xian, Jiping Chen, Ying Zhang, Yun Wei, Yiyang Fan, Miao Tian. Impact of cascade damming on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient distribution in the Heihe River Basin[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2024, 44(5): 73-83.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1 Hydropower development in the upper reaches of the Heihe River

电站名称	装机容量/万kW	年发电量/(亿kW·h)	总库容/亿m³	海拔/m	建设时间
黄藏寺电站	4.90	1.43	3.67	2 590.00	在建
宝瓶河电站	12.30	4.10	2.15	2 528.90	2012-07
三道湾电站	11.20	4.00	0.05	2 239.00	2009-05
二龙山电站	5.05	1.74	0.81	—	2007-09
大孤山电站	6.50	2.01	1.41	2 112.90	2009-07
小孤山电站	10.20	3.91	0.01	1 970.50	2006-07
龙首二级电站	15.70	5.28	0.86	1 974.30	2004-08
龙首一级电站	5.20	1.98	0.13	1 716.00	2002-04

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of sampling point distribution in the research area

Table 2 Water quality monitoring and analysis methods

监测指标	方法	最低检出率/（mg·L^-1）	参考国标
TN	碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法	0.050	GB 1194—89
TP	钼酸铵分光光度法	0.010	GB 11893—89
NO $2 -$ -N	重氮耦合分光光度法	0.001	GB 7493—87
NH₃-N	纳氏试剂分光光度法	0.025	GB 7479—87

Table 2 Water quality monitoring and analysis methods

监测指标	方法	最低检出率/（mg·L^-1）	参考国标
TN	碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法	0.050	GB 1194—89
TP	钼酸铵分光光度法	0.010	GB 11893—89
NO $2 -$ -N	重氮耦合分光光度法	0.001	GB 7493—87
NH₃-N	纳氏试剂分光光度法	0.025	GB 7479—87

Fig.2 Spatiotemporal distribution of physical and chemical factors in water bodies

Fig.3 Temporal and spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in water bodies

Fig.4 Vertical distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients during dry season in five cascade reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Heihe River

Table 3 Correlation between physical and chemical indicators of water during high water season

丰水期	pH	WT	DO	EC	SAL	TN	TP	NH₃-N	NO $2 -$ -N
pH	1.000
WT	0.030	1.000
DO	0.278	-0.183	1.000
EC	0.033	-0.177	-0.562^*	1.000
SAL	0.438	-0.092	-0.088	0.597^*	1.000
TN	-0.133	0.234	-0.264	-0.055	0.039	1.000
TP	-0.059	-0.540^*	-0.339	-0.174	0.027	0.099	1.000
NH₃-N	0.098	-0.183	-0.010	0.077	0.248	-0.304	0.333	1.000
NO $2 -$ -N	0.072	0.152	-0.149	0.058	-0.031	0.080	0.294	0.086	1.000

Table 3 Correlation between physical and chemical indicators of water during high water season

丰水期	pH	WT	DO	EC	SAL	TN	TP	NH₃-N	NO $2 -$ -N
pH	1.000
WT	0.030	1.000
DO	0.278	-0.183	1.000
EC	0.033	-0.177	-0.562^*	1.000
SAL	0.438	-0.092	-0.088	0.597^*	1.000
TN	-0.133	0.234	-0.264	-0.055	0.039	1.000
TP	-0.059	-0.540^*	-0.339	-0.174	0.027	0.099	1.000
NH₃-N	0.098	-0.183	-0.010	0.077	0.248	-0.304	0.333	1.000
NO $2 -$ -N	0.072	0.152	-0.149	0.058	-0.031	0.080	0.294	0.086	1.000

Table 4 Correlation between physical and chemical indicators of water bodies during dry season

枯水期	pH	WT	DO	EC	SAL	TN	TP	NH₃-N	NO $2 -$ -N
pH	1.000
WT	0.210	1.000
DO	0.196	-0.075	1.000
EC	0.201	0.013	-0.259	1.000
SAL	0.264	-0.110	0.540^*	-0.167	1.000
TN	0.493	-0.383	0.344	0.044	0.638^**	1.000
TP	-0.237	0.635^**	-0.212	-0.105	-0.107	-0.291	1.000
NH₃-N	0.475	-0.301	0.368	0.521^*	0.086	0.388	0.523^*	1.000
NO $2 -$ -N	-0.378	-0.004	0.312	-0.134	0.562^*	0.255	0.272	0.188	1.000

Table 4 Correlation between physical and chemical indicators of water bodies during dry season

枯水期	pH	WT	DO	EC	SAL	TN	TP	NH₃-N	NO $2 -$ -N
pH	1.000
WT	0.210	1.000
DO	0.196	-0.075	1.000
EC	0.201	0.013	-0.259	1.000
SAL	0.264	-0.110	0.540^*	-0.167	1.000
TN	0.493	-0.383	0.344	0.044	0.638^**	1.000
TP	-0.237	0.635^**	-0.212	-0.105	-0.107	-0.291	1.000
NH₃-N	0.475	-0.301	0.368	0.521^*	0.086	0.388	0.523^*	1.000
NO $2 -$ -N	-0.378	-0.004	0.312	-0.134	0.562^*	0.255	0.272	0.188	1.000

Fig.5 TN∶TP and eutrophication index of Heihe River water body

Table 5 "Reference values" cj0 of lake and reservoir eutrophication indicators

状态	TP/(μg·L^-1)	TN/(mg·L^-1)	COD_Mn/(mg·L^-1)	DO/(mg·L^-1)	NH₃-N/(mg·L^-1)	NO $2 -$ -N/(mg·L^-1)
极贫（c_j₀）	1.0	0.02	0.12	40	0.01	0.01

Table 5 "Reference values" cj0 of lake and reservoir eutrophication indicators

状态	TP/(μg·L^-1)	TN/(mg·L^-1)	COD_Mn/(mg·L^-1)	DO/(mg·L^-1)	NH₃-N/(mg·L^-1)	NO $2 -$ -N/(mg·L^-1)
极贫（c_j₀）	1.0	0.02	0.12	40	0.01	0.01

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Impact of cascade damming on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient distribution in the Heihe River Basin

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