Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vegetation greenness in open-pit coal mine area of Xilinhot from 1995 to 2023

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00155

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 113-121.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00155

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vegetation greenness in open-pit coal mine area of Xilinhot from 1995 to 2023

Meiling Zhao¹(), Yu Bai¹, Da Ji¹, Zhirui Fan¹, Guangxin Yang¹, Binghao Chen²^,³, Yayong Luo³()

^1.Xilingol Mengdong Mining Co. ，Ltd. ，Xilinhot 026000，Inner Mongolia，China
^2.School of Ecology and Environment，Inner Mongolia University，Hohhot 010020，China
^3.Naiman Desertification Research Station，Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Lanzhou 730000，China

Received:2025-08-12 Revised:2025-10-21 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-04-13
Contact: Yayong Luo

Abstract

Abstract:

Open-pit coal mining activities and subsequent ecological restoration projects directly affect the growth and spatial distribution of vegetation. Monitoring vegetation conditions in mining areas is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of restoration efforts and guiding future ecological management. In this study， the Wulantuga germanium open-pit mining area and the Shengli West No.2 open-pit coal mine in Xilingol League， Inner Mongolia， China were selected as the study area. Using the Google Earth Engine （GEE） cloud platform， we calculated the EVI time-series data from 1995 to 2023. The Sen's slope estimator and Mann-Kendall （MK） test were employed to analyze the spatial patterns and spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation greenness. The coefficient of variation was used to assess vegetation stability over the 29-year period， and the differences in EVI before and after ecological restoration were used to evaluate restoration effectiveness. The results show that：（1） From 1995 to 2023， the spatial pattern of EVI was significantly influenced by mining activities， evolving from a distribution of high in the south and low in the north， with low-value zones expanding northward along with the open-pit mining area. （2） Overall， EVI exhibited a decreasing trend， with an average annual decline rate of 0.0039， reaching the lowest levels in 2017 and 2019. Spatially， 77.7% of the area showed decline （maximum 0.0089）， while 22.3% showed an increase （maximum 0.0072）. （3） EVI stability varied significantly， with an average coefficient of variation of 0.44 （ranging from 0.2 to 1.0）， displaying a pattern of high in the center and low on the periphery. Highly fluctuating areas accounted for 12.1%， and moderately fluctuating areas accounted for 24.6%. （4） Ecological restoration efforts achieved notable results： since their implementation in 2015， 86.1% of the dump areas have shown vegetation recovery by 2023， while 13.9% of areas， mainly the mining disturbance zones， remain degraded.

Key words: open-pit mining area, ecological restoration, remote sensing monitoring, EVI

CLC Number:

Q948

Meiling Zhao, Yu Bai, Da Ji, Zhirui Fan, Guangxin Yang, Binghao Chen, Yayong Luo. Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vegetation greenness in open-pit coal mine area of Xilinhot from 1995 to 2023[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(2): 113-121.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Study area

Table 1 Data description

数据集名称	空间分辨率/m	时间范围	波段信息
Landsat-5 SR	30	1995—2011年	Band1蓝光(0.45~0.52 µm)
			Band3红光(0.63~0.69 µm)
			Band4近红外(0.77~0.90 µm)
Landsat-8 SR	30	2013—2023年	Band2蓝光(0.45~0.51 µm)
			Band4红光(0.64~0.67 µm)
			Band5近红外(0.85~0.88 µm)

Fig.2 Spatial distribution of EVI in the study area from 1995 to 2023

Fig.3 EVI trends in study area from 1995 to 2023

Fig.4 EVI change trend and significance in the study area from 1995 to 2023

Fig.5 EVI coefficient and grades of variation in the study area from 1995 to 2023

Table 2 Proportion of variation degree in the study area

变异系数分级	面积占比/%
高波动	12.1
较高波动	24.6
中等波动	21.9
较低波动	24.5
低波动	16.9

Fig.6 Assessment of ecological restoration effect in the inner and outer dumping sites of the West No.2 Mine

Fig. 7 Average precipitation during May-September in the study area from 1995 to 2023

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Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of vegetation greenness in open-pit coal mine area of Xilinhot from 1995 to 2023

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