塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地面臭氧浓度变化特征及影响因素分析

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00086

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区2010年6月10日—2012年3月20日地表臭氧浓度连续自动观测数据，结合相应气象要素资料，对地表臭氧质量浓度的日、周、月、季节变化与不同天气条件下日变化特征进行了分析，同时探讨了影响臭氧浓度变化的主要因素。结果表明：①臭氧浓度日变化具有明显的单峰型日变化规律，夜间变化平缓，白天变化剧烈。09:00前后达到最低值，18:00前后达到最高值，出现时间稍迟于其他城市地区。②臭氧浓度变化具有“周末效应”现象。最高值出现在星期日，最低值出现在星期三；星期一至星期三浓度逐渐降低，星期四又逐渐上升。③最高月平均浓度出现在2010年6月，其浓度为89.6 μg·m-3，最低月平均浓度出现在2012年1月，其浓度为32.0 μg·m-3，2010年6—12月，浓度逐月降低。④春、夏季臭氧浓度较高，秋季和冬季明显低于春季和夏季，与大中型城市变化特征基本一致。⑤臭氧浓度日变化最剧烈的是晴天，其次为小雨天气，阴天日变化平缓。沙尘暴出现前，臭氧小时平均浓度变化较小，沙尘暴开始时浓度下降，且下降速度较快。⑥辐射变化也具有单峰型日变化规律，臭氧浓度变化明显晚于辐射变化，太阳辐射的强弱直接影响光化学反应速度，从而导致臭氧浓度的变化。⑦沙尘天气臭氧日平均浓度高于有间隙小雨天气和晴天。相对湿度、风速、风向、日照日数同时影响近地面臭氧浓度的变化，臭氧污染的发生是多种因素共同作用的结果。

关键词: 臭氧浓度, 沙尘天气, 气象因子, 塔克拉玛干沙漠

Abstract:

Based on the automatic continuous observation data of surface ozone concentration from June 10, 2010 to March 20, 2012 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland, and combining with the corresponding meteorological data, the variation characteristics of surface ozone concentration at scales of day, week, month, season and the daily variation under different weather conditions were analyzed, the main factors affecting the ozone concentration variation were discussed too. Results showed that: (1) The daily variation of hourly mean ozone concentration was characterized by single peak with gentle changes during the night and dramatic changes during the day. The lowest concentration was at 09:00 and the highest was at 18:00. Comparing with other cities, the time delayed. (2) Ozone concentration variation has a weekend effect phenomenon. The daily mean ozone concentration decreased from Monday to Wednesday with the lowest in Wednesday, and increased after Thursday with the highest in Sunday. (3) The highest monthly average concentration was 89.6 μg·m-3 in June of 2010, and the lowest was 32.0 μg·m-3 in January of 2012. The ozone concentration reduced month by month from June to December in 2010. (4) Ozone concentration in spring and summer was higher than in autumn and winter. The variation trend agreed with other large and medium-sized cities. (5) Under four different kinds of weather conditions, the ozone concentration varied the most dramatically in sunny day, followed by in little rain day, and varied gently in cloudy day. The ozone concentration varied inconspicuously before sandstorm, and dropped rapidly when sandstorm began. (6) The daily variation of radiation was also characterized by single peak, and the variation was significantly earlier than the ozone concentration variation. The sun radiation intensity had a direct influence on the photochemical reaction speed, further, leading to the variation of ozone concentration. (7) The daily mean ozone concentration in dust weather was higher than that in little rain day and sun day. The variation of surface ozone concentration could also be affected by the meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, the direction of the wind and the sunshine hours. So many factors together led to ozone pollution.

Key words: ozone concentration, dust weather, meteorological factor, Taklimakan Desert

中图分类号:

P421

刘新春1,2, 钟玉婷1,2, 何清1,2, 彭艳梅1,2,3, 罗孝茹4. 塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地近地面臭氧浓度变化特征及影响因素分析[J]. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(2): 626-633.

LIU Xin-chun1,2, ZHONG Yu-ting1,2, HE Qing1,2, PENG Yan-mei1,2,3, LUO Xiao-ru4. The Variation Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Surface Ozone Concentration in the Taklimakan Desert Hinterland[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2013, 33(2): 626-633.

参考文献

[1]秦瑜,赵春生.大气化学基础[M].北京:气象出版社,2003:85.

[2]王庚辰.大气臭氧层与臭氧洞[M].北京:气象出版社,2005:52-55.

[3]Heck W W,Taylor O C,Adams R,et al.Assessment of crop loss from ozone[J].Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association,1982,32:353-361.

[4]王春乙,关福来.O3浓度变化对我国主要农作物产量的可能影响[J].应用气象学报,1995,6(1):69-74.

[5]Fishman J,Soloman S,Crutzen P J.Observations and theoretical evidence in support of a significant in-situ photochemical source of tropospheric ozone[J].Tellus,1979,31:432-446.

[6]Forster P,Ramaswamy V,Artaxo P,et al.Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing[M]//Solomon S,Qin D,Manning M,et al.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2007.

[7]刘洁,张小玲,张晓春,等.上甸子本底站地面臭氧变化特征及影响因素[J].环境科学研究,2006,19(4):19-24.

[8]徐晓斌,丁国安,李兴生,等.龙凤山大气近低层O3浓度变化及与其它因素的关系[J].气象学报,1998,56(5):421-433.

[9]丁国安,徐晓斌,罗超,等.中国大气本底条件下不同地区地面臭氧特征[J].气象学报,2001,59(1):88-95.

[10]乜虹,牛生杰,王治邦,等.青藏高原清洁地区近地面层臭氧的特征分析[J].干旱气象,2004,22(1):1-7.

[11]安俊琳,王跃思,李昕,等.北京大气中NO、NO2和O3浓度变化的相关性分析[J].环境科学,2007,28(4):706-711.

[12]刘玉彻.北京夏、秋季地面O3特征观测研究[D].北京:中国气象科学研究院,2005.

[13]袁野,范莉,邹玉林,等.成都市大气中臭氧的分布及污染水平[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(2):44-45.

[14]殷永泉,李昌梅,马桂霞,等.城市臭氧浓度分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25(6):16-20.

[15]张爱东,王晓燕,修光利.上海市中心城区低空大气臭氧污染特征和变化状况[J].环境科学与管理,2006,31(6):21-26.

[16]陈玲,夏冬,贾志宏,等.东莞市近地面臭氧质量浓度变化特征[J].广东气象,2011,33(1):60-63.

[17]汤洁,周凌唏,郑向东,等.拉萨地区夏季地面臭氧的观测和特征分析[J].气象学报,2002,60(2):221-228.

[18]Geng F H,Tie X X,Xu J M,et al.Characterizations of ozone,NOx,and VOCs measured in Shanghai,China [J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42:6873-6883.

[19]刘新春,钟玉婷,何清,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘暴过程大气颗粒物浓度及影响因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(6):1548-1553.

[20]刘新春,钟玉婷,何清,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地及周边地区PM10时空变化特征及影响因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(2):323-330.

[21]何清,刘强,杨兴华,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地冬季大气边界层O3廓线分析[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):909-916.

[22]何清,杨兴华,艾力·买买提明,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠风蚀起沙观测研究——试验介绍与观测结果初报[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(2):315-322.

[23]石玉珍,徐永福,王庚辰,等.北京市夏季O3、NOx等污染物“周末效应”研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):2832-2838.

[24]唐文苑,赵春生,耿福海,等.上海地区臭氧周末效应研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2009,39(1):99-105.

[25]Schipa I,Tanzarella A,Mangia C.Differences between weekend and weekday ozone levels over rural and urban sites in Southern Italy[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,156(1/4):509-523.

[26]Pulikesi M,Rayudu V N,Ramamurthi V,et al.Weekend-Weekday differences in near-surface ozone concentrations in Chennai,South India[J].International Journal of Environment and Waste Management,2009,4(1/2):213-224.

[27]Kannari A, Ohara T.Theoretical implication of reversals of the ozone weekend effect systematically observed in Japan[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2010,10(14):6765-6776.