中国沙漠 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 371-380.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2026.00087
• • 上一篇
收稿日期:2026-06-12
修回日期:2026-07-28
出版日期:2026-09-20
发布日期:2026-11-02
作者简介:许正强(1970—),男,甘肃镇原人,学士,高级工程师,主要从事园林植物栽培应用研究等。E-mail: xzq006@126.com
基金资助:
Zhengqiang Xu1(
), Biaobiao Mu2, Lanlan Wang1, Lihui Yuan1, Rui Yao1
Received:2026-06-12
Revised:2026-07-28
Online:2026-09-20
Published:2026-11-02
摘要:
荒漠植物长期处于水分亏缺、土壤贫瘠、高温强光、盐分胁迫和风沙扰动等复合环境中,其生态适应并非由单一性状决定,而是叶片、根系、茎干水力和碳分配储存等多类功能性状协同调节与权衡优化的结果。本文围绕荒漠植物功能性状体系及其生态功能,综述叶片资源获取与资源保守、根系水分获取与养分获取、水力效率与水力安全、光合碳获取与蒸腾失水、地上生长与地下投入,以及生长、防御与储存等主要权衡机制。荒漠植物通过小叶厚叶、深根或二型根系、高水力安全、气孔调节和非结构性碳水化合物储存等性状组合,在短期资源利用和长期生存风险之间形成动态平衡。功能性状权衡不仅有助于解释荒漠植物抗旱适应和物种共存机制,也可用于预测气候变化背景下荒漠植被变化,并为固沙植物筛选与植被恢复提供性状导向的理论依据。未来研究需加强整株性状网络、复合胁迫、长期动态、干旱—复水循环和恢复应用研究,推动荒漠植物功能性状研究由相关性描述转向机制验证和生态应用。
中图分类号:
许正强, 慕彪彪, 王兰兰, 苑力辉, 姚瑞. 荒漠植物功能性状权衡及其生态适应意义研究进展[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(5): 371-380.
Zhengqiang Xu, Biaobiao Mu, Lanlan Wang, Lihui Yuan, Rui Yao. Functional trait trade-offs and their ecological significance in desert plants: a review[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(5): 371-380.
| 功能性状类别 | 主要性状指标 | 生态功能及荒漠适应意义 |
|---|---|---|
| 叶片形态性状 | 叶面积、叶厚度、比叶面积(SLA)、叶质量面积(LMA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶组织密度、叶片肉质化程度 | 反映叶片资源获取、建成成本、寿命和抗脱水能力[ |
| 叶片生理性状 | 净光合速率(Pn)、气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶绿素含量、叶片温度 | 表征光合获碳、蒸腾耗水、气孔调节和水分利用效率;较高光合速率利于短期碳积累,较强气孔调节和较高WUE有助于维持干旱下碳—水平衡 |
| 叶片化学计量性状 | 叶碳、氮、磷含量,C:N、C:P、N:P,叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、抗氧化酶活性 | 反映养分投资、光合潜力及抗逆防御能力;较高叶氮、叶磷利于光合提升,渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统有助于抵御干旱、高盐和强辐射胁迫[ |
| 根系构型性状 | 根深、最大根系深度、根冠比、根长密度(RLD)、根系水平扩展范围、浅层根与深层根比例、二型根系特征 | 决定不同土层水分和养分获取能力;深根利于稳定利用深层水源,浅根利于快速响应降水脉冲,二型根系兼具表层资源利用和深层取水优势[ |
| 细根经济性状 | 比根长(SRL)、比根面积(SRA)、细根直径、根组织密度(RTD)、根干物质含量、细根寿命、细根周转速率 | 表征根系吸收效率、建成成本和资源周转;高SRL、高SRA利于快速捕获水分和养分热点,高RTD及较长细根寿命有助于长期维持[ |
| 茎干结构性状 | 木材密度、导管直径、导管密度、导管壁厚、导管连通性、边材面积、木质部解剖结构 | 决定水分运输、机械支持和抗栓塞能力;大导管利于提高水力效率和生长潜力,小导管、高木材密度和厚导管壁则增强水力安全和长期存活[ |
| 水力功能性状 | 木质部导水率、边材比导率、叶片水力导度、根水力导度、叶水势、枝水势、膨压丧失点、木质部导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)、木质部导水率损失88%时的水势(P88)、水力安全边际、气孔关闭阈值 | 表征水分运输、抗栓塞、气孔调节和干旱死亡风险;高水力效率利于水分改善时快速获碳,高水力安全性则降低长期干旱和高VPD下的水力失败风险[ |
| 生物量分配性状 | 地上生物量、地下生物量、根冠比、叶生物量比例、茎生物量比例、根生物量比例、繁殖分配比例 | 反映光合产物在获碳、取水、支撑、繁殖和储存间的分配;地下投入利于稳定获取水分养分,地上投入则利于短期生产和快速更新[ |
| 碳储存性状 | 非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量、可溶性糖、淀粉、不同器官NSC分配、结构性碳投入、碳储备动员速率 | 维持干旱期代谢、渗透调节、防御修复和复水后生长;可溶性糖利于渗透调节和细胞保护,淀粉则支持持续干旱与复水阶段的呼吸维持、器官再生和水力修复[ |
表1 荒漠植物功能性状体系及其生态功能
Table 1 Functional trait and their ecological significance in desert plants
| 功能性状类别 | 主要性状指标 | 生态功能及荒漠适应意义 |
|---|---|---|
| 叶片形态性状 | 叶面积、叶厚度、比叶面积(SLA)、叶质量面积(LMA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶组织密度、叶片肉质化程度 | 反映叶片资源获取、建成成本、寿命和抗脱水能力[ |
| 叶片生理性状 | 净光合速率(Pn)、气孔密度、气孔大小、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO₂浓度、水分利用效率(WUE)、叶绿素含量、叶片温度 | 表征光合获碳、蒸腾耗水、气孔调节和水分利用效率;较高光合速率利于短期碳积累,较强气孔调节和较高WUE有助于维持干旱下碳—水平衡 |
| 叶片化学计量性状 | 叶碳、氮、磷含量,C:N、C:P、N:P,叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、抗氧化酶活性 | 反映养分投资、光合潜力及抗逆防御能力;较高叶氮、叶磷利于光合提升,渗透调节物质和抗氧化系统有助于抵御干旱、高盐和强辐射胁迫[ |
| 根系构型性状 | 根深、最大根系深度、根冠比、根长密度(RLD)、根系水平扩展范围、浅层根与深层根比例、二型根系特征 | 决定不同土层水分和养分获取能力;深根利于稳定利用深层水源,浅根利于快速响应降水脉冲,二型根系兼具表层资源利用和深层取水优势[ |
| 细根经济性状 | 比根长(SRL)、比根面积(SRA)、细根直径、根组织密度(RTD)、根干物质含量、细根寿命、细根周转速率 | 表征根系吸收效率、建成成本和资源周转;高SRL、高SRA利于快速捕获水分和养分热点,高RTD及较长细根寿命有助于长期维持[ |
| 茎干结构性状 | 木材密度、导管直径、导管密度、导管壁厚、导管连通性、边材面积、木质部解剖结构 | 决定水分运输、机械支持和抗栓塞能力;大导管利于提高水力效率和生长潜力,小导管、高木材密度和厚导管壁则增强水力安全和长期存活[ |
| 水力功能性状 | 木质部导水率、边材比导率、叶片水力导度、根水力导度、叶水势、枝水势、膨压丧失点、木质部导水率损失50%时的水势(P50)、木质部导水率损失88%时的水势(P88)、水力安全边际、气孔关闭阈值 | 表征水分运输、抗栓塞、气孔调节和干旱死亡风险;高水力效率利于水分改善时快速获碳,高水力安全性则降低长期干旱和高VPD下的水力失败风险[ |
| 生物量分配性状 | 地上生物量、地下生物量、根冠比、叶生物量比例、茎生物量比例、根生物量比例、繁殖分配比例 | 反映光合产物在获碳、取水、支撑、繁殖和储存间的分配;地下投入利于稳定获取水分养分,地上投入则利于短期生产和快速更新[ |
| 碳储存性状 | 非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量、可溶性糖、淀粉、不同器官NSC分配、结构性碳投入、碳储备动员速率 | 维持干旱期代谢、渗透调节、防御修复和复水后生长;可溶性糖利于渗透调节和细胞保护,淀粉则支持持续干旱与复水阶段的呼吸维持、器官再生和水力修复[ |
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