Abstract:

To implement effective， tailored ecological management within a watershed， it is essential to first understand how the supply of ecosystem services matches the demand for those services， as well as the spatial variations and characteristics of this relationship. This article quantifies the supply and demand patterns of six typical ecosystem services in the Fenhe River Basin from 2000 to 2020. Based on the supply-demand ratio， SOM is used to identify the supply-demand bundles of ecosystem services. Combined with the spatial distribution and supply-demand structure characteristics of the bundles， ecological zoning control strategies are proposed. The results showed that： （1） From 2000 to 2020， ecosystem services for water production， carbon sequestration， soil conservation， water purification， and habitat quality were higher in the east and west regions but lower in the middle， whereas the supply of food production services showed the opposite pattern. The high-demand areas for water production， carbon sequestration， food production， water purification， and habitat quality are concentrated in the urban area of Taiyuan and the midstream and downstream areas， particularly where population density is high； in contrast， soil conservation is in greater demand in other， less densely populated areas. （2） There is a serious spatial mismatch between supply and demand in the Fenhe River Basin； upstream areas （including Guancen Mountain） often show surpluses， whereas midstream and downstream areas （including Lvliang Mountain and Taihang Mountain） face deficits. The deficit of water purification and habitat quality services has considerably increased in the midstream and downstream areas， and in mountainous ecosystems， many high-surplus areas for water production， carbon sequestration， and food production services have declined. （3） There are a strong mismatch between the supply and demand bundles of comprehensive ecosystem services （B1）， a weak mismatch between the supply and demand bundles of comprehensive ecosystem services （B2）， mismatch bundles of water purification and habitat quality services （B3）， and matching supply-demand bundles of comprehensive ecosystem services （B4） in the Fenhe River Basin. Overall， the mismatch between supply and demand of ecosystem services tends to be concentrated in central urban areas. The transformation between clusters is mainly reflected in the transition from B2 to B1 and B3， and from B3 to B4. Substantial expansion of the mismatch occurred around the main urban area of Taiyuan.

Key words: ecosystem services, supply-demand matching, supply-demand bundles, Fenhe River Basin, ecological management strategy