The Ulan Buh Desert photovoltaic power station alters soil particle size distribution and rainfall redistribution process

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00166

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 251-262.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00166

The Ulan Buh Desert photovoltaic power station alters soil particle size distribution and rainfall redistribution process

Junyu Zhou¹(), Peijing Chang², Haiying Wang², Zhiming Xin³, Zixuan Yuan¹, Wentao Zhu¹, Yujie Yan¹, Yiben Cheng¹()

^1.College of Soil and Water Conservation，Beijing Forestry University，Beijing 100083，China
^2.Alxa League Climate Ecological Environment Assessment Center，Alxa Left Banner 750300，Inner Mongolia，China
^3.Desert Forestry Experimental Center，Chinese Academy of Forestry，Dengkou 015200，Inner Mongolia，China

Received:2025-10-09 Revised:2025-12-01 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-04-13
Contact: Yiben Cheng

Abstract

Abstract:

To evaluate the impacts of photovoltaic power stations in desert areas on changes in soil particle size and soil water content， in four PV power stations with different operational durations in the Ulan Buh Desert， a total of 320 soil particle size sampling points were arranged based on the categories of inter-panel/beneath-panel and surface layer （0-20 cm）/deep layer （20-40 cm）. Meanwhile， soil moisture monitor probes were deployed at 5 geometric positions （A-E） and 2 depths （30/60 cm） in a typical station. Combined with the observation of runoff confluence in front of the panels， the soil moisture dynamics were monitored from April to November 2024. The results showed that：（1） At the site scale， the soil particle size presented a pattern of finer particles in the center and coarser particles at the edges. Fine particle size centers appeared in the inter-panel areas of the upwind direction， while coarse particle size centers occurred near the bottom gap of the panels in the areas beneath the panels. （2） Compared with the control before the power stations were built， the mean particle size in both inter-panel and beneath panels areas generally decreased （soil particle size refinement）， and the volume fraction of fine sand （100-250 μm） increased， and the degree of particle size dispersion in the surface layer of inter-panel areas decreases with the increase of operational duration. （3） The panel geometry caused rainfall to accumulate at the front eaves and resulted in water deficiency in the middle of the panels. The soil water content at 160 cm in front of the PV panels and directly below the front eaves in the surface layer reached 3.16%-3.22%， which was higher than that in the middle of the panels in the surface layer （about 1.13%）. （4） The surface soil was sensitive to rainfall pulses， while the deep layer was dominated by slow infiltration. The study suggests that the impacts of PV power stations for photovoltaic sand control on soil particle size exhibit a duration-dependent effect， while their impacts on soil water show a position-dependent characteristic. It is recommended to add protective belts at the edges of the station sites and optimize the panel geometry and flow diversion facilities， so as to reduce the degree of soil particle size erosion caused by external factors， alleviate water deficiency in the middle of the panels， and improve infiltration in front of the panels.

Key words: Ulan Buh Desert, photovoltaic sand control, soil particle size, soil water content, rainfall redistribution

CLC Number:

P941.73

Junyu Zhou, Peijing Chang, Haiying Wang, Zhiming Xin, Zixuan Yuan, Wentao Zhu, Yujie Yan, Yiben Cheng. The Ulan Buh Desert photovoltaic power station alters soil particle size distribution and rainfall redistribution process[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(2): 251-262.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Geographic location of the study area and location of sampling points within the power stations

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of soil moisture monitor probes installation positions

Fig.3 Spatial variation pattern of mean particle size of inter-panel surface soil

Fig.4 Spatial variation pattern of mean particle size of subsurface soil beneath panels

Fig.5 Box plots of mean soil particle size at different positions of PV panels

Fig.6 Trend diagram of soil particle size reduction percentage at different positions of PV panels relative to the control sample

Table 1 Percentage of erosion degree by soil particle size

电站名称	建立时间	$P ¯ B S$ /μm	$P ¯ B D$ /μm	$P ¯ U S$ /μm	$P ¯ U D$ /μm	$P ¯ C$ /μm	E_BS/%	E_BD/%	E_US/%	E_UD/%
磴口广电投光伏电站	2012年12月	168.81	166.90	166.78	168.97	189.77	-11.05	-12.05	-12.12	-10.96
磴口国电北粮台光伏电站	2015年1月	169.67	167.63	169.66	168.55	178.61	-5.01	-6.15	-5.01	-5.63
磴口国龙鸿蕴光储电站	2023年3月	172.25	171.23	171.31	172.18	175.37	-1.78	-2.36	-2.32	-1.82
磴口蒙能套海光伏电站	2023年12月	172.53	171.33	170.85	174.33	178.07	-3.11	-3.79	-4.06	-2.10

Table 1 Percentage of erosion degree by soil particle size

电站名称	建立时间	$P ¯ B S$ /μm	$P ¯ B D$ /μm	$P ¯ U S$ /μm	$P ¯ U D$ /μm	$P ¯ C$ /μm	E_BS/%	E_BD/%	E_US/%	E_UD/%
磴口广电投光伏电站	2012年12月	168.81	166.90	166.78	168.97	189.77	-11.05	-12.05	-12.12	-10.96
磴口国电北粮台光伏电站	2015年1月	169.67	167.63	169.66	168.55	178.61	-5.01	-6.15	-5.01	-5.63
磴口国龙鸿蕴光储电站	2023年3月	172.25	171.23	171.31	172.18	175.37	-1.78	-2.36	-2.32	-1.82
磴口蒙能套海光伏电站	2023年12月	172.53	171.33	170.85	174.33	178.07	-3.11	-3.79	-4.06	-2.10

Table 2 Soil particle size composition and percentage differences of erosion degree

电站名称	点位	R_L/%(<2 μm)	R_M/%(2~50 μm)	R_X/%(50~100 μm)	R_F/%(100~250 μm)	R_Z/%(250~500 μm)	R_G/%（500~2 000 μm）	V_M /%	V_X /%	V_F /%	V_Z /%	V_G /%
磴口广电投光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.62±0.12	4.47±0.77	76.12±4.24	14.55±3.52	4.24±2.37
	板间深层	—	0.59±0.13	4.40±0.60	77.05±5.65	14.74±4.04	3.22±2.62	0.03	0.08	-0.93	-0.19	1.02
	对照样	—	0.34	2.26	65.14	24.22	8.04	0.28	2.21	10.98	-9.67	-3.80
	板下表层	—	0.61±0.14	4.37±0.69	77.41±4.97	14.00±4.22	3.61±2.35
	板下深层	—	0.57±0.07	4.37±0.68	75.26±4.22	15.90±3.10	3.90±2.55	0.03	0.00	2.14	-1.9	-0.28
	对照样	—	0.34	2.26	65.14	24.22	8.04	0.27	2.11	12.27	-10.22	-4.43
磴口国电北粮台光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.61±0.14	4.15±0.85	76.68±5.41	14.29±4.14	4.27±3.25
	板间深层	—	0.61±0.12	4.40±1.01	77.48±5.62	14.34±4.35	3.17±3.49	0.00	-0.25	-0.80	-0.05	1.10
	对照样	—	0.35	2.99	75.29	15.37	6.00	0.26	1.16	1.39	-1.08	-1.74
	板下表层	—	0.61±0.10	4.49±0.77	76.10±6.26	14.22±3.64	4.58±4.16
	板下深层	—	0.56±0.08	4.14±0.53	77.27±6.58	14.84±4.01	3.20±3.31	0.06	0.35	-1.17	-0.62	1.38
	对照样	—	0.35	2.99	75.29	15.37	6.00	0.26	1.50	0.81	-1.15	-1.42
磴口国龙鸿蕴光储电站	板间表层	—	0.48±0.07	3.73±0.87	75.37±5.83	15.17±3.33	5.24±4.45
	板间深层	—	0.50±0.11	3.97±0.99	75.96±6.05	15.20±2.99	4.38±4.33	-0.02	-0.24	-0.58	-0.03	0.87
	对照样	—	0.40	2.99	74.56	18.03	4.02	0.08	0.74	0.81	-2.86	1.22
	板下表层	—	0.47±0.07	3.67±0.61	76.40±4.12	15.33±3.73	4.14±2.55
	板下深层	—	0.49±0.09	3.80±0.69	76.51±5.02	14.41±3.00	4.80±3.08	-0.02	-0.13	-0.11	0.92	-0.66
	对照样	—	0.40	2.99	74.56	18.03	4.02	0.07	0.68	1.84	-2.70	0.12
磴口蒙能套海光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.50±0.07	3.73±0.59	76.03±5.17	16.31±3.66	3.43±2.93
	板间深层	—	0.51±0.09	3.70±0.59	75.09±4.50	17.74±3.58	2.96±1.88	-0.01	0.03	0.94	-1.43	0.47
	对照样	—	0.39	3.20	72.34	14.72	9.35	0.11	0.53	3.69	1.59	-5.92
	板下表层	—	0.51±0.08	4.07±0.80	76.08±4.46	15.86±3.27	3.48±2.87
	板下深层	—	0.52±0.09	3.72±0.56	73.71±4.78	17.69±3.21	4.37±2.95	-0.01	0.35	2.38	-1.83	-0.89
	对照样	—	0.39	3.20	72.34	14.72	9.35	0.12	0.87	3.74	1.14	-5.87

Table 2 Soil particle size composition and percentage differences of erosion degree

电站名称	点位	R_L/%(<2 μm)	R_M/%(2~50 μm)	R_X/%(50~100 μm)	R_F/%(100~250 μm)	R_Z/%(250~500 μm)	R_G/%（500~2 000 μm）	V_M /%	V_X /%	V_F /%	V_Z /%	V_G /%
磴口广电投光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.62±0.12	4.47±0.77	76.12±4.24	14.55±3.52	4.24±2.37
	板间深层	—	0.59±0.13	4.40±0.60	77.05±5.65	14.74±4.04	3.22±2.62	0.03	0.08	-0.93	-0.19	1.02
	对照样	—	0.34	2.26	65.14	24.22	8.04	0.28	2.21	10.98	-9.67	-3.80
	板下表层	—	0.61±0.14	4.37±0.69	77.41±4.97	14.00±4.22	3.61±2.35
	板下深层	—	0.57±0.07	4.37±0.68	75.26±4.22	15.90±3.10	3.90±2.55	0.03	0.00	2.14	-1.9	-0.28
	对照样	—	0.34	2.26	65.14	24.22	8.04	0.27	2.11	12.27	-10.22	-4.43
磴口国电北粮台光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.61±0.14	4.15±0.85	76.68±5.41	14.29±4.14	4.27±3.25
	板间深层	—	0.61±0.12	4.40±1.01	77.48±5.62	14.34±4.35	3.17±3.49	0.00	-0.25	-0.80	-0.05	1.10
	对照样	—	0.35	2.99	75.29	15.37	6.00	0.26	1.16	1.39	-1.08	-1.74
	板下表层	—	0.61±0.10	4.49±0.77	76.10±6.26	14.22±3.64	4.58±4.16
	板下深层	—	0.56±0.08	4.14±0.53	77.27±6.58	14.84±4.01	3.20±3.31	0.06	0.35	-1.17	-0.62	1.38
	对照样	—	0.35	2.99	75.29	15.37	6.00	0.26	1.50	0.81	-1.15	-1.42
磴口国龙鸿蕴光储电站	板间表层	—	0.48±0.07	3.73±0.87	75.37±5.83	15.17±3.33	5.24±4.45
	板间深层	—	0.50±0.11	3.97±0.99	75.96±6.05	15.20±2.99	4.38±4.33	-0.02	-0.24	-0.58	-0.03	0.87
	对照样	—	0.40	2.99	74.56	18.03	4.02	0.08	0.74	0.81	-2.86	1.22
	板下表层	—	0.47±0.07	3.67±0.61	76.40±4.12	15.33±3.73	4.14±2.55
	板下深层	—	0.49±0.09	3.80±0.69	76.51±5.02	14.41±3.00	4.80±3.08	-0.02	-0.13	-0.11	0.92	-0.66
	对照样	—	0.40	2.99	74.56	18.03	4.02	0.07	0.68	1.84	-2.70	0.12
磴口蒙能套海光伏电站	板间表层	—	0.50±0.07	3.73±0.59	76.03±5.17	16.31±3.66	3.43±2.93
	板间深层	—	0.51±0.09	3.70±0.59	75.09±4.50	17.74±3.58	2.96±1.88	-0.01	0.03	0.94	-1.43	0.47
	对照样	—	0.39	3.20	72.34	14.72	9.35	0.11	0.53	3.69	1.59	-5.92
	板下表层	—	0.51±0.08	4.07±0.80	76.08±4.46	15.86±3.27	3.48±2.87
	板下深层	—	0.52±0.09	3.72±0.56	73.71±4.78	17.69±3.21	4.37±2.95	-0.01	0.35	2.38	-1.83	-0.89
	对照样	—	0.39	3.20	72.34	14.72	9.35	0.12	0.87	3.74	1.14	-5.87

Fig.7 Boxplot of soil water content at different positions of PV panels

Fig.8 Monthly daily dynamics of soil moisture content in surface and deep layers at different positions of PV panels （2024-04-01—11-30）

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The Ulan Buh Desert photovoltaic power station alters soil particle size distribution and rainfall redistribution process

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