腾格里沙漠南缘植被恢复对土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2024.00148

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植被恢复是实现干旱沙区荒漠化逆转、促进土壤有机碳（Soil organic carbon，SOC）固存和应对气候变化的有效途径，而SOC对提升土壤质量和缓解气候变化贡献的有效性取决于SOC的组成和稳定性。研究了腾格里沙漠南缘不同恢复年限人工固沙植被区0~10 cm土层SOC、矿质结合有机碳（Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon， MAOC）和颗粒有机碳（Particulate Organic Carbon， POC）含量，分析了SOC及其组分与生物和非生物因子的关系。结果表明：固沙植被区土壤SOC、MAOC、POC含量以及MAOC占SOC的比例均显著大于流沙，且随固沙年限的延长而显著增大，而POC占SOC的比例则呈相反趋势。固沙植被建立41 a时，SOC、MAOC、POC分别从流沙的0.27、0.009、0.26 g·kg^-1增大到2.86、1.03、1.83 g·kg^-1，分别增大了9.59、113.44、6.04倍。MAOC占SOC的比例从流沙的3.35%增大到36.47%，表明SOC稳定性随植被恢复而逐渐增强。Pearson相关系数和结构方程模型分析表明，MAOC和POC含量及其占SOC的比例的变化与植被恢复引发的植被特征、土壤理化性质、微生物群落组成、酶活性和微生物量碳的改变密切相关，其中土壤理化性质和微生物群落是关键驱动因子，对MAOC和POC的标准化总体效应分别为0.965和0.86，以及-0.172和0.281。MAOC含量与黏粉粒含量和全土SOC呈显著线性正相关，而MAOC占SOC的比例与两者呈显著指数正相关。植被恢复是干旱沙区提升碳汇潜能和促进SOC长期封存的有效措施。

关键词: 土壤有机碳, 矿质结合碳, 黏粉粒, 稳定性, 植被恢复, 腾格里沙漠

Abstract:

Revegetation is an effective way to reverse desertification， promote soil organic carbon sequestration and address climate change in arid and semi-arid regions. However， the effectiveness of SOC in improving soil quality and mitigating climate change are largely dependent on the composition and stability of SOC. In this study， we investigated the contents of SOC， mineral-associated organic carbon （MAOC）， and particulate organic carbon （POC） in the 0-10 cm soil layer of sand-fixing vegetation areas in a chronosequence along the southern edge of the Tengger Desert， and the relationship between SOC and its fractions and biotic and abiotic factors were analyzed. The results showed that： the contents of SOC， MAOC， and POC， as well as the proportion of MAOC to total SOC were significantly higher in the sand-fixing vegetation areas compared to mobile sand dune （MSD）， and they notably increased with time during the revegetion process， while an opposite trend was found for the proportion of POC to SOC. After 41 years of revegetation， the contents of SOC， MAOC， POC increased dramatically from 0.27， 0.009， 0.26 g·kg?1 in MDS to 2.86， 1.03， 1.83 g·kg?1， respectively， representing increased by 9.59， 113.44， 6.04 times， respectively. The proportion of MAOC to SOC ranged from 3.35% to 36.47%， suggesting a gradual enhancement in SOC stability as vegetation restoration progressed. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis and structural equation modeling further indicated that variations in MAOC and POC contents and their proportions to SOC were intimately linked to changes in vegetation characteristics， soil physicochemical properties， microbial community composition， enzyme activity， and microbial biomass carbon derived from revegetation. Among these factors， soil physicochemical properties were the key driving factor， with standardized overall effects on MAOC and POC of 0.965 and 0.86， and -0.172 and 0.281， respectively. Our findings indicate that revegetation is an effective to enhance carbon sink potential and promote the long-term sequestration of SOC in arid sandy regions.

Key words: soil organic carbon, mineral-associated organic carbon, clay and silt, stability, revegetation, the Tengger Desert

中图分类号:

S153

贺郝钰, 刘蔚, 常宗强, 侯春梅, 孙力炜, 迟秀丽. 腾格里沙漠南缘植被恢复对土壤有机碳组成及稳定性的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(6): 307-317.

Haoyu He, Wei Liu, Zongqiang Chang, Chunmei Hou, Liwei Sun, Xiuli Chi. Effects of revegetation on soil organic carbon composition and stability in the southern edge of the Tengger Desert[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2024, 44(6): 307-317.

图/表 6

表1 植被特征和土壤（0~10 cm）理化性质随植被恢复年限的变化

Table 1 Changes in vegetation characteristics and soil （0~10 cm） physicochemical properties during revegetation process

	植被恢复年限/a					方差分析结果
	0	12	20	32	41	F	P
植被盖度/%	4.77±0.64^a	36.21±3.05^b	35.47±2.26^b	30.48±2.11^c	30.47±2.24^c	34.697	0.001
AGB/(g·m^-2)	7.95±0.93^a	353.88±33.87^b	299.74±18.75^b	163.52±8.96^c	155.16±8.09^c	56.053	0.001
BGB/(g·m^-2)	1.11±0.14^a	9.33±0.75^b	9.20±1.18^b	9.65±0.39^b	10.12±0.41^c	31.374	0.001
凋落物/(g·m^-2)	0.00^a	7.76±0.82^b	8.74±0.77^b	11.95±0.74^c	16.22±1.66^c	39.338	0.001
黏粉粒含量/%	0.18±0.01^a	1.99±0.23^b	4.53±0.11^c	6.54±0.18^d	12.55±0.94^e	118.572	0.001
砂粒含量/%	99.82±0.01^a	98.01±0.23^b	95.47±0.11^c	93.46±0.18^d	87.45±0.93^e	118.572	0.001
pH	8.99±0.06^a	8.89±0.04^ab	8.84±0.03^b	8.58±0.17^c	8.50±0.09^c	4.984	0.018
EC/(μS·cm^-1)	25.06±0.77^a	58.97±2.89^b	90.33±2.50^c	109.7±19.42^cd	131.97±11.40^d	16.991	0.001
SOC/(g·kg^-1)	0.27±0.03^a	0.55±0.05^b	1.10±0.07^c	1.61±0.03^d	2.86±0.34^e	42.438	0.001
TN/ (g·kg^-1)	0.17±0.001^a	0.21±0.02^b	0.26±0.04^c	0.38±0.02^d	0.54±0.04^e	24.630	0.001
C∶N	1.55±0.17^a	2.77±0.48^b	4.50±0.76^c	4.26±0.33^c	5.27±0.23^d	11.054	0.001

图1 土壤微生物群落组成、酶活性和微生物量碳随植被恢复年限的变化注：F∶B，真菌和细菌磷脂脂肪酸比值；BG， β-1， 4-葡萄糖苷酶；CBH，纤维二糖水解酶；MBC，微生物量碳。不同小写字母表示参数在不同年代植被区之间差异显著，P0.05

Fig.1 Changes in soil microbial community composition， enzyme activity and MBC during revegetation process

图2 土壤有机碳不同组分随植被恢复年限的变化注：不同小写字母表示参数在不同年代植被区之间差异显著，P0.05

Fig.2 Changes in different fractions of soil organic carbon with during revegetation process

图3 各参数之间Pearson相关性热图注：*P0.05

Fig.3 Pearson correlation heatmap between various parameters

图4 MAOC含量及其占SOC的比例与黏粉粒和全土SOC含量之间的关系

Fig.4 Relationship between MAOC and its proportion to SOC and the contents of fine fraction and SOC content in bulk soil

图5 植被恢复过程中生物和非生物因子变化对MAOC和POC影响的结构方程模型注：单向箭头表示因果关系的假设方向。其中红色箭头表示正路径，蓝色箭头表示负路径，虚线箭头表示不显著的路径。箭头上的数字（P值）为路径系数，箭头宽度表示关系强度。星号表示显著性水平（***P0.001， **0.001P0.01，*0.01P0.05）；每个变量相邻的R2表示所解释的变化比例

Fig.5 Structural equation model （SEM） outlining the effects of changes in biotic and abiotic factors on MAOC and POC during revegetation process

参考文献 46

1	Lal R.Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems［J］.Environmental Management，2004，33（4）：528-544.
2	Li X J， Li Y F， Xie T，et al.Recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation with xerophytic shrubs in the Tengger Desert，North China［J］.CATENA，2022，214：106277.
3	Reynolds J F， Smith D S， Lambin E F，et al.Global desertification：building a science for dryland development［J］.Science，2007，316（5826）：847-851.
4	Huang J P， Yu H P， Guan X D，et al.Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change［J］.Nature Climate Change，2016，6：166-171.
5	Maestre F T， Benito B M， Berdugo M，et al.Biogeography of global drylands［J］.The New Phytologist，2021，231（2）：540-558.
6	Lal R.Carbon cycling in global drylands［J］.Current Climate Change Reports，2019，5（3）：221-232.
7	Lal R.Potential of desertification control to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect［M］//Storing Carbon in Agricultural Soils：A Multi-Purpose Environmental Strategy.Dordrecht，Netherlands：Springer，2001：35-72.
8	IPCC.Climate Change 2007：The Physical Science Basis［M］.New York，USA：Cambridge University Press，2007.
9	Liu Z， Sun Y F， Zhang Y Q，et al.Desert soil sequesters atmospheric CO₂ by microbial mineral formation［J］.Geoderma，2020，361：114104.
10	Li Y F， Zhang X， Wang B Y，et al.Revegetation promotes soil mineral-associated organic carbon sequestration and soil carbon stability in the Tengger Desert，Northern China［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2023，185：109155.
11	Li X J， Yang H T， Yang R.Divergent changes of carbon and nitrogen in the density fractions of soil organic matter after revegetation in the Tengger Desert，North China［J］.Land Degradation Development，2024，35（8）：2867-2883.
12	Cotrufo M F， Ranalli M G， Haddix M L，et al.Soil carbon storage informed by particulate and mineral-associated organic matter［J］.Nature Geoscience，2019，12：989-994.
13	Heckman K， Hicks Pries C E， Lawrence C R，et al.Beyond bulk：density fractions explain heterogeneity in global soil carbon abundance and persistence［J］.Global Change Biology，2022，28（3）：1178-1196.
14	Zhou Z H， Ren C J， Wang C K，et al.Global turnover of soil mineral-associated and particulate organic carbon［J］.Nature Communications，2024，15：5329.
15	Lavallee J M， Soong J L， Cotrufo M F.Conceptualizing soil organic matter into particulate and mineral-associated forms to address global change in the 21st century［J］.Global Change Biology，2020，26（1）：261-273.
16	von Lützow M， Kögel-Knabner I， Ekschmitt K，et al.SOM fractionation methods：relevance to functional pools and to stabilization mechanisms［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2007，39（9）：2183-2207.
17	Kleber M， Bourg I C， Coward E K，et al.Dynamic interactions at the mineral-organic matter interface［J］.Nature Reviews Earth Environment，2021，2：402-421.
18	Alvarez R， Alvarez C R.Soil organic matter pools and their associations with carbon mineralization kinetics［J］.Soil Science Society of America Journal，2000，64（1）：184-189.
19	Sokol N W， Bradford M A.Microbial formation of stable soil carbon is more efficient from belowground than aboveground input［J］.Nature Geoscience，2019，12：46-53.
20	于钊，李奇铮，王培源，等.退化和恢复过程驱动的荒漠草地生态系统有机碳密度变化［J］.中国沙漠，2022，42（2）：215-222.
21	刘俊壕，周海盛，郭群.中国北方干旱半干旱区沙漠化治理对植被格局的影响［J］.中国沙漠，2023，43（5）：204-213.
22	Du L T， Zeng Y J， Ma L L，et al.Effects of anthropogenic revegetation on the water and carbon cycles of a desert steppe ecosystem［J］.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology，2021，300：108339.
23	马晓俊，李云飞.腾格里沙漠东南缘植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量及酶活性［J］.中国沙漠，2019，39（6）：159-166.
24	Ma Q L， Wang X Y， Chen F，et al.Carbon sequestration of sand-fixing plantation of Haloxylon ammodendron in Shiyang River Basin：storage，rate and potential［J］.Global Ecology and Conservation，2021，28：e01607.
25	Angst G， Lichner L， Csecserits A，et al.Controls on labile and stabilized soil organic matter during long-term ecosystem development［J］.Geoderma，2022，426：116090.
26	Angst G， Mueller K E， Castellano M J，et al.Unlocking complex soil systems as carbon sinks：multi-pool management as the key［J］.Nature Communications，2023，14：2967.
27	马全林.腾格里沙漠南缘土壤-植被系统恢复及其驱动机制［D］.兰州：中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所，2009.
28	Frostegård， Bååth E， Tunlio A.Shifts in the structure of soil microbial communities in limed forests as revealed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，1993，25（6）：723-730.
29	Saiya-Cork K R， Sinsabaugh R L， Zak D R.The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2002，34（9）：1309-1315.
30	Vance E D， Brookes P C， Jenkinson D S.An extraction method for measuring soil microbial biomass C［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，1987，19（6）：703-707.
31	Nosetto M D， Jobbágy E G， Paruelo J M.Carbon sequestration in semi-arid rangelands：comparison of Pinus ponderosa plantations and grazing exclusion in NW Patagonia［J］.Journal of Arid Environments，2006，67（1）：142-156.
32	Li X R， He M Z， Duan Z H，et al.Recovery of topsoil physicochemical properties in revegetated sites in the sand-burial ecosystems of the Tengger Desert，Northern China［J］.Geomorphology，2007，88（3/4）：254-265.
33	林永崇，穆桂金，陈丽玲，等.策勒绿洲近地表大气降尘粒度指示的分选特征及其意义［J］.中国沙漠，2022，42（1）：139-146.
34	Li X R， Xiao H L， He M Z，et al.Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitat restoration in extremely arid desert regions［J］.Ecological Engineering，2006，28（2）：149-157.
35	Qi P， Chen J， Wang X J，et al.Changes in soil particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon concentrations under nitrogen addition in China：a meta-analysis［J］.Plant and Soil，2023，489（1）：439-452.
36	Feng J G， He K Y， Zhang Q F，et al.Changes in plant inputs alter soil carbon and microbial communities in forest ecosystems［J］.Global Change Biology，2022，28（10）：3426-3440.
37	Iwai C B， Oo A N， Topark-Ngarm B.Soil property and microbial activity in natural salt affected soils in an alternating wet-dry tropical climate［J］.Geoderma，2012，189/190：144-152.
38	Craig M E， Mayes M A， Sulman B N，et al.Biological mechanisms may contribute to soil carbon saturation patterns［J］.Global Change Biology，2021，27（12）：2633-2644.
39	Mues R.Chemical constituents and biochemistry［M］//Bryophyte Biology.Cambridge，UK：Cambridge University Press，2000：150-181.
40	Abed R M M， Al-Sadi A M， Al-Shehi M，et al.Diversity of free-living and lichenized fungal communities in biological soil crusts of the Sultanate of Oman and their role in improving soil properties［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2013，57：695-705.
41	Yang F J， Wang W Q， Wu Z W，et al.Fertilizer reduction and biochar amendment promote soil mineral-associated organic carbon，bacterial activity，and enzyme activity in a jasmine garden in southeast China［J］.The Science of the Total Environment，2024，954：176300.
42	Lammirato C， Miltner A， Kaestner M.Effects of wood char and activated carbon on the hydrolysis of cellobiose by β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger ［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2011，43（9）：1936-1942.
43	Dilly O， Munch J C， Pfeiffer E M.Enzyme activities and litter decomposition in agricultural soils in northern，central，and southern Germany［J］.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science，2007，170（2）：197-204.
44	Moran K K， Six J， Horwath W R，et al.Role of mineral-nitrogen in residue decomposition and stable soil organic matter formation［J］.Soil Science Society of America Journal，2005，69（6）：1730-1736.
45	Begill N， Don A， Poeplau C.No detectable upper limit of mineral-associated organic carbon in temperate agricultural soils［J］.Global Change Biology，2023，29（16）：4662-4669.
46	Whalen J K， Bottomley P J， Myrold D D.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization from light-and heavy-fraction additions to soil［J］.Soil Biology and Biochemistry，2000，32（10）：1345-1352.

[1]	雷军, 程新平, 薛春, 刘红梅, 赵玉红, 肖明敏. 黑河流域中游北部荒漠区植物群落特征与稳定性[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(6): 187-194.
[2]	陈强, 迟洪明, 丁伟, 杨昊天, 吴吉军, 杨奕颖, 吴旭东, 张亚峰, 季波, 李云飞, 张志山, 刘立超. 腾格里沙漠南缘大型光伏基地植被保护和生态修复的理论与对策[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(5): 123-132.
[3]	卜凡蕊, 刘颖, 邹学勇, 张春来. 中国东部典型沙地植被稳定性与水资源关系特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(4): 111-125.
[4]	楼科尔, 曲文杰, 王磊, 王兴, 郜永贵, 杨新国. 腾格里沙漠东南缘猪毛菜（ *Salsola collina* ）根系构型特征比较[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(4): 193-201.
[5]	孔维远, 崔桂鹏, 高攀, 周尚哲, 熊伟, 卢琦. 阿拉善沙漠物源和输沙带研究进展及其对“三北”工程风沙口治理的启示[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(4): 236-243.
[6]	陈阳, 吕萍, 曹敏, 夏子书, 马芳, 余军林. 腾格里沙漠湖泊群小气候特征及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(2): 231-238.
[7]	彭小梅, 车存伟, 苏靖茸, 肖生春. 干旱区人工林稳定性与适宜性的树轮学评价体系构建与应用[J]. 中国沙漠, 2024, 44(1): 33-42.
[8]	史尧方, 薛娴, 尤全刚, 彭飞, 黄翠华. 阿里荒漠区土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤物理性质的关系[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(3): 284-294.
[9]	王颖, 弋双文, 徐志伟, 张昊辰, 李徐生. 腾格里沙漠两万年以来典型沉积物钾长石和石英光释光测年对比研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(3): 69-85.
[10]	贾冰, 司建华, 武志博, 齐识, 马丽丽, 朱兴林, 秦洁, 石福年. 飞播种子丸粒化技术应用对植被和土壤的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(2): 195-204.
[11]	贾鸿飞, 贾荣亮, 吴秀丽, 赵芸, 刘立超, 高艳红, 杨昊天, 张甜. 干旱沙区生物结皮对土壤膨胀的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(2): 28-36.
[12]	杨馥宁, 吕萍, 马芳, 曹敏, 肖南, 顾立霞, 杨迎. 腾格里沙漠南部格状沙丘的形态演变及移动特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2023, 43(1): 107-115.
[13]	张美兰, 崔增团, 顿志恒, 贾蕊鸿, 张玉霞, 郭世乾, 崔倩怡, 葛承暄, 蔡立群, 董博. 近40年甘肃省耕层土壤有机碳时空分异及影响因素[J]. 中国沙漠, 2022, 42(6): 295-303.
[14]	古拉依赛木·艾拜都拉, 张峰, 吴枫, 吴世新, 郑江华, 孙涛. 腾格里沙漠沙丘沉积物粒度特征及其空间差异[J]. 中国沙漠, 2022, 42(5): 133-145.
[15]	闫蒙, 王旭洋, 周立业, 李玉强. 科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程中土壤有机碳含量变化特征及影响因素[J]. 中国沙漠, 2022, 42(5): 221-231.