科尔沁沙地优势植物凋落物分解对土壤微生物群落的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00099

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以科尔沁沙地6种优势植物凋落物为研究对象，通过野外凋落物分解试验和微生物高通量测序技术，分析优势植物凋落物分解特征及其对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：凋落物分解速率表现为尖头叶藜（Chenopodium acuminatum）>小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）>狗尾草（Setarria viridis）>盐蒿（Artemisia halodendron）>糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）>达乌里胡枝子（Lespedeza bicolor）；凋落物初始氮（N）含量、木质素含量、碳氮比（C∶N）和木质素∶N是影响凋落物分解快慢的关键因子。经过15个月分解，细菌群落优势菌门为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria），真菌群落优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）；细菌群落物种多样性和丰富度显著增加，真菌群落物种多样性显著降低。细菌群落多样性和丰富度受凋落物初始化学组分的影响较小，而真菌群落丰富度受凋落物初始C∶N和木质素∶N的正影响，受凋落物初始N含量的负影响。细菌群落中的放线菌门和酸杆菌门，以及真菌群落中的担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、毛霉菌门（Mucoromycota）和捕虫酶亚门（Zoopagomycota）的相对丰度与凋落物初始纤维素和半纤维素含量，C∶N和木质素∶N显著正相关。

关键词: 科尔沁沙地, 凋落物分解, 微生物

Abstract:

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the litter decomposition characteristics of 6 dominant plant species and their impacts on soil microbial community structure in the Horqin Sandy Land. We used field-based litter decomposition experiments and microbial high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicated that the decomposition rate of litter followed the order： Chenopodium acuminatum>Caragana microphylla>Setarria viridis>Artemisia halodendron>Cleistogenes squarrosa>Lespedeza bicolor. The initial nitrogen （N） content， lignin content， C∶N ratio， and lignin∶N ratio of the litter were identified as the critical factors influencing the rate of decomposition. After 15 months of decomposition， Actinobacteria， Proteobacteria， Chloroflexi， and Acidobacteria emerged as the predominant phyla within the bacterial community， while Ascomycota dominated the fungal community. The species diversity and richness of the bacterial community increased significantly， whereas the species diversity of the fungal community decreased markedly. The richness of the fungal community was positively correlated with the initial litter C∶N and lignin∶N ratios， but negatively correlated with the initial N content. Furthermore， the relative abundances of Actinobacteria， and Acidobacteria in the bacterial community， as well as Basidiomycota， Mucormycota， and Zoopagomycota， in the fungal community， were positively associated with the initial cellulose and hemicellulose contents， C∶N ratio， and lignin∶N ratio of the litter.

Key words: Horqin Sandy Land, litter decomposition, microorganism

中图分类号:

P941.73

宁志英, 李玉霖, 赵学勇, 张彦军, 王海兵, 闫敏, 刘瑞敏, 左合君. 科尔沁沙地优势植物凋落物分解对土壤微生物群落的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2025, 45(4): 190-199.

Zhiying Ning, Yulin Li, Xueyong Zhao, Yanjun Zhang, Haibing Wang, Min Yan, Ruimin Liu, Heju Zuo. Effects litter decomposition characteristics of dominant plants on soil microbial community in Horqin Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2025, 45(4): 190-199.

图/表 6

表1 不同物种凋落物化学组分比较

Table 1 Comparison of chemical components of litter from different species

化学组成	狗尾草	糙隐子草	达乌里胡枝子	小叶锦鸡儿	盐蒿	尖头叶藜
纤维素/（mg·g^-1）	460.29±5.11^a	460.72±7.90^a	270.09±6.43^bc	283.00±6.79^bc	289.95±6.85^b	265.08±11.92^c
半纤维素/（mg·g^-1）	242.06±5.97^a	248.30±2.00^a	78.11±2.55^c	98.22±4.54^d	83.52±0.22^c	50.89±1.89^d
木质素/（mg·g^-1）	95.30±2.53^d	105.26±1.86^c	145.18±5.00^a	74.85±2.80^e	123.34±2.40^b	56.79±1.31^f
C含量/%	42.02±0.30^d	45.04±0.16^b	45.98±0.14^a	44.27±0.25^c	44.10±0.09^c	37.38±0.46^e
N含量/%	0.77±0.02^e	1.23±0.09^d	2.44±0.01^c	3.18±0.02^b	2.48±0.01^c	3.32±0.01^a
C∶N	54.48±1.11^a	37.46±2.50^b	18.87±0.17^c	13.91±0.10^d	17.75±0.08^c	11.23±0.11^d
木质素∶N	12.32±0.19^a	8.75±0.57^b	5.96±0.24^c	2.34±0.07^e	4.96±0.11^d	1.71±0.04^d

图1 不同物种凋落物分解过程中质量损失比例及分解速率的比较注：不同小写字母表示物种间凋落物质量损失比例和分解速率差异显著（P<0.05）

Fig.1 Comparison of the mass loss fraction and decomposition rate during the decomposition process of litter from different species

图2 微生物群落门水平上的物种组成注：Av：狗尾草；Cs：糙隐子草；Lb：达乌里胡枝子；Cm：小叶锦鸡儿；Ah：盐蒿；Ca：尖头叶藜；CK：对照（无凋落物）。Actinobacteria：放线菌门；Proteobacteria：变形菌门；Acidobacteria：酸杆菌门；Chloroflexi：绿弯菌门；Gemmatimonadetes：芽单胞菌门；Myxococcota：黏球菌门；Firmicutes：厚壁菌门；Bacteroidetes：拟杆菌门；Planctomycetota：浮霉菌门；Ascomycota：子囊菌门；Basidiomycota：担子菌门；Mucoromycota：毛霉菌门；Zoopagomycota：捕虫霉亚门

Fig.2 The species composition of microbial communities at the phylum level

图3 不同物种凋落物分解的微生物群落门水平α多样性比较注：Av：狗尾草；Cs：糙隐子草；Lb：达乌里胡枝子；Cm：小叶锦鸡儿；Ah：盐蒿；Ca：尖头叶藜；CK：对照（无凋落物）

Fig.3 Comparison of α-diversity at the phylum level of microbial communities during the decomposition of litter from different species

图4 凋落物化学组分与凋落物质量损失和微生物多样性的冗余分析注：EM：0—4月质量损失比例；TM：前15个月总质量损失比例；BS：细菌Shannon指数；BA：细菌ACE指数；FS：真菌Shannon指数；FA：真菌ACE指数；HC：半纤维素；C：纤维素；L：木质素；LN：凋落物N；LC：凋落物C；C∶N：C∶N比；L∶N：木质素∶N比

Fig.4 Redundancy analysis of the relationships among litter chemical components， litter mass loss， and microbial diversity

图5 凋落物化学成分和分解速率与微生物群落结构的相关性注：DR：分解速率；BS：细菌Shannon指数；BA：细菌ACE指数；FS：真菌Shannon指数；FA：真菌ACE指数；HC：半纤维素；C：纤维素；L，木质素；LN，凋落物N；LC，凋落物C；C∶N，C∶N比；L∶N，木质素∶N比。Actinobacteria：放线菌门；Proteobacteria：变形菌门；Acidobacteria：酸杆菌门；Chloroflexi：绿弯菌门；Gemmatimonadetes：芽单胞菌门；Myxococcota：黏球菌门；Firmicutes：厚壁菌门；Bacteroidetes：拟杆菌门；Planctomycetota：浮霉菌门；Ascomycota：子囊菌门；Basidiomycota：担子菌门；Mucoromycota：毛霉菌门；Zoopagomycota：捕虫霉亚门

Fig.5 Correlations between litter chemical compositions， decomposition rates， and microbial community structures

参考文献 35

[1]	Li S， Lu S， Zhang Y，et al.The change of global terrestrial ecosystem net primary productivity （NPP） and its response to climate change in CMIP5［J］.Theoretical and Applied Climatology，2015，121（1/2）：319-335.
[2]	Bhatnagar J M， Peay K G， Treseder K K.Litter chemistry influences decomposition through activity of specific microbial functional guilds［J］.Ecological Monographs，2018，88（3）：429-444.
[3]	Zhang D， Hui D， Luo Y，et al.Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems：global patterns and controlling factors［J］.Journal of Plant Ecology，2008，1（2）：85-93.
[4]	Wickings K， Grandy A S， Reed S C，et al.The origin of litter chemical complexity during decomposition［J］.Ecology Letters，2012，15（10）：1180-1188.
[5]	Melillo J M， Aber J D， Muratore J F.Nitrogen and lignin control of hardwood leaf litter decomposition dynamics［J］.Ecology，1982，3（3）：621-626.
[6]	Hobbie S E.Interactions between litter lignin and soil nitrogen availability during leaf litter decomposition in a Hawaiian Montane forest［J］.Ecosystems，2000，3（5）：484-494.
[7]	Cotrufo M F， Wallenstein M D， Boot C M，et al.The microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization （MEMS） framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization： Do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter？［J］.Global Change Biology，2013，19（4）：988-995.
[8]	Hobbie S E.Plant species effects on nutrient cycling： revisiting litter feedbacks［J］.Trends in Ecology & Evolution，2015，30（6）：357-363.
[9]	Cleveland C C， Reed S C， Keller A B，et al.Litter quality versus soil microbial community controls over decomposition： a quantitative analysis［J］.Oecologia，2014，174（1）：283-294.
[10]	Pascault N， Ranjard L， Kaisermann A，et al.Stimulation of different functional groups of bacteria by various plant residues as a driver of soil priming effect［J］.Ecosystems，2013，16（5）：810-822.
[11]	Hoppe B， Purahong W， Wubet T，et al.Linking molecular deadwood-inhabiting fungal diversity and community dynamics to ecosystem functions and processes in Central European forests［J］.Fungal Diversity，2016，77（1）：367-379.
[12]	Bardgett R D， Mommer L， De Vries F T，et al.Going underground：root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes［J］.Trends in Ecology & Evolution，2014，29（12）：692-699.
[13]	Berg B.Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils［J］.Forest Ecology and Management，2000，133（1/2）：13-22.
[14]	李雨菲，郭屹立，李先琨.等 .桂西南喀斯特季节性雨林凋落叶分解速率和养分含量特征分析［J］.地球学报，2022，43（4）：483-490.
[15]	Gavazov K S.Dynamics of alpine plant litter decomposition in a changing climate［J］.Plant and Soil，2010，337（1）：19-32.
[16]	程煜.闽楠叶凋落物分解动态及其养分释放规律研究［D］.福州：福建农林大学，2003.
[17]	Cotrufo M F， Soong J L， Horto A J，et al.Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss［J］.Nature Geoscience，2015，8（10）：776-779.
[18]	Du N， Li W， Qiu L，et al.Mass loss and nutrient release during the decomposition of sixteen types of plant litter with contrasting quality under three precipitation regimes［J］.Ecology and Evolution，2020，10（7）：3367-3382.
[19]	Balasubramanian D， Arunachalam K， Das A，et al.Decomposition and nutrient release of Eichhornia crassipes （Mart.） Solms.under different trophic conditions in wetlands of Eastern Himalayan foothills［J］.Ecological Engineering，2012，44：111-122.
[20]	Li D， Niu S， Luo Y，et al.Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation：a meta-analysis［J］.New Phytologist，2012，195（1）：172-181.
[21]	de Graaff M A， Classen A T， Castro H F，et al.Labile soil carbon inputs mediate the soil microbial community composition and plant residue decomposition rates［J］.New Phytologist，2010，188（4）：1055-1064.
[22]	de Boer W， Folman L B， Summerbell R C，et al.Living in a fungal world： impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development［J］.Fems Microbiology Reviews，2005，29（4）：795-811.
[23]	Vorísková J， Baldrian P.Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes［J］.Isme Journal，2013，7（3）：477-486.
[24]	Eichorst S A， Trojan D， Roux S，et al.Genomic insights into the Acidobacteria reveal strategies for their success in terrestrial environments［J］.Environmental Microbiology，2018，20（3）：1041-1063.
[25]	Song D D， Ren L， Li X，et al.Soil bacterial diversity and composition of different forest types in Greater Xing'an Mountains，China［J］.Applied Ecology and Environmental Research，2021，19（3）：1983-1997.
[26]	Zhang N， Li Y， Wubet T，et al.Tree species richness and fungi in freshly fallen leaf litter：unique patterns of fungal species composition and their implications for enzymatic decomposition［J］.Soil Biology & Biochemistry，2018，127：120-126.
[27]	Dong X， Gao P， Zhou R，et al.Changing characteristics andinfluencing factors of the soil microbial community during litter decompositionin a mixed Quercus acutissima Carruth.and Robinia pseudoacacia L.forest in Northern China［J］.Catena，2021，196：104811.
[28]	杨贵森，张志山，赵洋，等.沙坡头地区凋落物分解及其对土壤微生物群落的影响［J］.应用生态学报，2022，33（7）：1810-1818.
[29]	李姗姗，王正文，杨俊杰，等.凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落的变化［J］.生物多样性，2016，24（2）：195-204.
[30]	Zhang C， Liu G， Xue S，et al.Soil bacterial commun ity dynamics reflect changes in plant community and soil properties during the secondary succession of abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau［J］.Soil Biology & Biochemistry，2016，97：40-49.
[31]	陈法霖，郑华，欧阳志云，等.土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应［J］.土壤学报，2011，48（3）：603-611.
[32]	Pei Z， Leppert K N， Eichenberg D，et al.Leaf litter diversity alters microbial activity，microbial abundances，and nutrient cycling in a subtropical forest ecosystem［J］.Biogeochemistry，2017，134（1/2）：163-181.
[33]	Purahong W， Krueger D， Buscot F，et al.Correlations between the composition of modular fungal communities and litter decomposition-associated ecosystem functions［J］.Fungal Ecology，2016，22：106-114.
[34]	张利利.微生物对黄土高原残塬沟壑区三种林分凋落物分解和养分归还的影响机制研究［D］.杨凌：西北农林科技大学，2022.
[35]	Zheng H， Yang T， Bao Y，et al.Network analysis and subsequent culturing reveal keystone taxa involved in microbial litter decomposition dynamics［J］.Soil Biology & Biochemistry，2021，157：108230.