水蚀作用下砂黄土坡耕地风蚀的坡向分异特征

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2026.00035

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

坡向是影响土壤风蚀的重要因素，而目前水蚀作用下土壤风蚀坡向分异相关研究缺乏。本研究选取陕西省神木市作为黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带的代表性区域，采用Be-7示踪与定位观测相结合的方法，以单一风蚀为对照，在呈“˄”形分布的迎风坡与背风坡，阐明水蚀作用下风蚀速率的坡向变化，量化水蚀对风蚀速率影响程度的坡向分异。结果表明：无论是否有水蚀影响，迎风坡以风蚀为主，风蚀速率从坡脚到坡顶呈对数或线性增大；背风坡以风积为主，风积主要发生在坡面中上部到坡脚区域。水蚀明显改变坡面风蚀速率及其空间分布。水蚀作用导致迎风坡平均风蚀速率较单一风蚀（712.2 t·km^-2）减小85.2%，不同坡面部位的风蚀速率减少量与该部位的水蚀速率呈显著正相关（R²=0.96）；背风坡平均沉积速率较单一风蚀（383.5 t·km^-2）降低74.2%，风蚀面积减小30%。此外，水蚀作用后两坡面风蚀速率等值线在部分区域从垂直坡面走向的平行带状变为顺坡延伸分布。水蚀作用改变了两坡面间的物质运移与侵蚀效应，水蚀作用后迎风坡风蚀物质在背风坡的沉积比例比单一风蚀提高了38.2%，两坡面总风蚀速率较单一风蚀降低了97.4%，研究结果为量化地形因子对风水交错侵蚀的影响奠定了基础。

关键词: 水蚀风蚀交错带, Be-7示踪, 土壤风蚀, 坡向, 侵蚀速率等值线

Abstract:

Slope aspect is one of the key factors affecting soil wind erosion， yet there is currently a lack of research on the aspect differentiation of wind erosion rates affected by water erosion. This study quantified wind erosion rates on typical windward and leeward hillslopes at Shenmu City of Shaanxi Province in the wind-water erosion crisscross region on the Loess Plateau using a Be-7 tracing. The specified objectives were to clarify aspect variation in wind erosion rates affected by water erosion taking wind erosion as a contrast， and to identify the impact degree of water erosion on wind erosion on "˄" shape continuous distributed hillslopes. The results showed that windward slopes were dominated by wind erosion， with wind erosion rates increased logarithmically or linearly from the toe to the top of the hillslope； while leeward slopes were dominated by wind deposition， concentrating between the middle-upper to toe area of the slope regardless of the influence of water erosion. Water erosion obviously varied wind erosion rates and their spatial distribution. Water erosion resulted in the decrease of the mean wind erosion rate by 85.2% on the windward slope compared to that of sole wind erosion （712.2 t·km^-2）， and the reduction in wind erosion rates at different slope positions was significantly positively correlated to the co-located water erosion rates （R²=0.96）. On the leeward slope， the mean deposition rate of wind erosion affected by water erosion decreased by 74.2% compared to that of sole wind erosion （383.5 t·km^-2）， and the wind erosion area decreased by 30%. Additionally， water erosion also changed the spatial distribution of wind erosion indicating by the contour line distribution of wind erosion rates. The contour lines of wind erosion rates changed from a pattern that parallel to width direction of the hillslopes to parallel to their length direction in some areas. Furthermore， water erosion also varied the material transport from windward slope to its connected leeward slope. The deposition proportion of eroded material on the leeward slope transporting from the windward slope increased by 38.2% affected by water erosion compared to sole wind erosion， and the total wind erosion rates of both hillslopes decreased by 97.4%. The results of this study could provide research foundation for quantifying the influence of topographic factors on wind-water erosion.

Key words: wind-water erosion crisscross region, Be-7 tracing, wind erosion, slope aspect, isoline of erosion rate

中图分类号:

S157.1

范晓强, 白飞, 张加琼, 黄子炎, 王梦婕, 安鑫, 严云籍. 水蚀作用下砂黄土坡耕地风蚀的坡向分异特征[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(2): 371-379.

Xiaoqiang Fan, Fei Bai, Jiaqiong Zhang, Ziyan Huang, Mengjie Wang, Xin An, Yunji Yan. Aspect differentiation of wind erosion rates on sandy loess hillslopes affected by water erosion[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(2): 371-379.

图/表 6

图1 观测小区及采样点布设（A为迎风坡和背风坡观测小区，B为Be-7背景值小区，C为观测小区的采样点布设）

Fig.1 Observation plots and arrangement of sampling sites （（A） is the observation hillslopes facing windward and leeward directions，（B） is the reference observation plot of Be-7， and （C） is the arrangement of sampling sites on windward and leeward hillslopes）

图2 水蚀作用下迎风坡和背风坡的风蚀速率等值线分布

Fig.2 Contour lines of wind erosion rates on windward and leeward hillslopes affected by water erosion

图3 水蚀对迎风坡和背风坡风蚀速率变化的影响

Fig.3 Effects of water erosion on variation in wind erosion rates at windward and leeward hillslopes

图4 水蚀作用下迎风坡风蚀速率减小量与水蚀速率的关系

Fig.4 Correlation between water erosion rates and wind erosion rates affected by water erosion on windward hillslope

表1 水蚀作用下本文迎风坡与背风坡风蚀速率与前人野外观测结果的对比

Table 1 Comparison of wind erosion rates in this study to previously observaed results on windward and leeward hillslopes affected by water

条件	方法	区域/研究时期	坡向	坡长/m	坡度/（°）	土地利用类型	风蚀速率/（t·km^-2·a^-1）	数据来源
受水蚀影响的风蚀	Be-7示踪	陕西神木/2025年	NW	10	15	耕地	105.7	本研究
	Be-7示踪	陕西神木/2025年	SE	10	15	耕地	-99.0	本研究
	Cs-137 示踪与侵蚀能量分析	陕西神木/2000年	N	125	18~21	耕地	＞1 797	李勉等^[25]
		陕西神木/2009年	NW	—	—	退耕地	2 439	孙喜军^[12]
		陕西神木/2009年	SE	—	—	退耕地	-299	孙喜军^[12]
		陕西神木/2014年	NW	70	12	退耕地	4 320	Zhang等^[11]
			N				2 750
			SE				-1 080
			S				-450
	Cs-137 示踪和RUSLE模型	陕西定边/2014年	NW	105	10	耕地	1 460	Tuo等^[10]
		陕西靖边/2020年	NW	80	9~10	退耕地	3 138	Zou等^[9]
			N				2 572
			SE				611
			S				2 442
单一风蚀	Be-7示踪	陕西神木/2025年	NW	10	15	耕地	712.2	本研究
		陕西神木/2025年	SE	10	15	耕地	383.5	本研究
		陕西神木/2015—2016年	NW	5	10	耕地	458.0~609.4	Zhang等^[8]
			NW	5	15	耕地	571.0~691.1
			NW	5	20	耕地	674.9~811.2
			NW	55	6	耕地	388.1
			NW	75	20	耕地	778.2

表2 水蚀影响下迎风坡和背风坡风蚀速率差异的模拟降雨与风蚀试验结果

Table 2 Differences in wind erosion rates between windward and leeward hillslopes underaffected by water erosion according to simulated rainfall and wind erosion experiments

坡向

雨强

/（mm·h^-1）

降雨的坡度/（°）

风速

/（m·s^-1）

仅风蚀速率/(g·m^-2·min^-1)

受水蚀影响的风蚀速率/(g·m^-2·min^-1)

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