风沙环境下风力机/风电场影响沙尘输运的实验研究

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2026.00098

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“沙戈荒”地区风能资源开发潜力巨大，但风力机与风沙流的相互作用机理尚不明确。本研究利用大气边界层风洞，通过开展不同沙尘强度下的单机及风电场缩比模型实验，系统揭示了粒径、浓度及运行参数对沙尘输运规律与地表侵蚀的影响。结果表明：单机阻沙效应具有显著的粒径非线性敏感性。100 μm颗粒的响应与涡流演化尺度匹配，易在动能耗散区协同沉降；50 μm颗粒受随流性驱动，易逃逸；200 μm颗粒则凭借高初始动量展现出较强穿透性。在下游远尾流区域，湍动能的大量引入虽构建了宏观低输沙区，但也诱发了颗粒落点的离散化。风电场层面，多级动能剥夺降低了地表剪切应力，并在风电场上空形成随粒径减小而增强的聚集效应。规模化开发利用尾流效应抬升了起沙阈值，为荒漠化风电场的生态维护提供了数据支持。

关键词: 风洞实验, 风力机, 风电场, 沙尘输运

Abstract:

The desert-gobi-wasteland region holds substantial potential for wind energy development， yet the interaction between wind turbines and windblown sand flow remains poorly understood. In this study， scaled single-turbine and wind-farm models were tested in an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel under different dust concentration levels to systematically investigate the effects of particle size， concentration， and operational parameters on sand transport dynamics and surface erosion. The results show that the sand-blocking effect of a single turbine exhibits a strong non-linear sensitivity to particle size. Specifically， 100 μm particles， whose aerodynamic response matches the scale of vortex evolution， tend to settle synergistically in kinetic energy dissipation zones； 50 μm particles are prone to escape due to their high flow-following capability， while 200 μm particles demonstrate strong penetrability owing to their high initial momentum. In the far-wake region， the substantial entrainment of turbulent kinetic energy creates a macro-scale low-transport zone but also induces discrete patterns of particle deposition. At the wind-farm scale， multi-stage kinetic energy extraction reduces the surface shear stress and generates a dust accumulation zone above the farm that intensifies as the particle size decreases. In summary， large-scale wind power utilization raises the threshold for dust entrainment through wake effects， providing data support for ecological maintenance in desertified areas where wind farms are deployed.

Key words: wind tunnel experiment, wind turbine, wind farm, sand transport

中图分类号:

TK513.5

马高生, 宋远翔, 柳本立, 余学成, 彭怀午, 宋晨光. 风沙环境下风力机/风电场影响沙尘输运的实验研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(5): 159-169.

Gaosheng Ma, Yuanxiang Song, Benli Liu, Xuecheng Yu, Huaiwu Peng, Chenguang Song. An experimental study on sand transport influenced by wind turbines/wind farms in aeolian environments[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(5): 159-169.

图/表 15

图1 风电场与沙尘输送相互作用示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of interaction between wind farm and sand transport

表1 风力机模型几何参数与相似比

Table 1 Geometric parameters and similarity ratio of wind turbine model

	D	H_hub	δ/H_hub	R_s	C_p	C_T	Re	λ
真实风力机	100	118	1.67	4%~9%	0.4	0.85	8.1×10⁶	6.4
风力机模型1	0.15	0.18	1.67	8%	0.21	0.7	5×10⁴	7.4
风力机模型2	0.44	0.3	1.67	8%	0.29	0.78	1.1×10⁵	7

图2 风力机模型与实验场景实拍图

Fig.2 Wind turbine model and photograph of the experimental setup

图3 风洞与沙尘释放口

Fig.3 Wind tunnel & sand and dust release port

图4 集沙仪实物图

Fig.4 Sand sampler local diagram

图5 风力机实验工况图

Fig.5 Experimental condition diagram of wind turbine

图6 风电场实验工况图

Fig.6 Experimental condition diagram of wind farm

图7 来流输沙垂直分布

Fig.7 Vertical distribution of incoming sand transport

图8 尾流区不同粒径沙尘平均输沙变化因子沿流向的分布

Fig.8 Streamwise distribution of the average sand transport variation factor for different grain sizes in the wake region

图9 不同流向位置垂直截面输沙通量Q空间分布云图

Fig.9 Contours of the spatial distribution of sand transport on vertical cross-sections at different streamwise locations

图10 不同叶尖速比工况X=1D垂直截面阻沙率I云图

Fig.10 Contours of the sand transport variation factor on the vertical plane at X=1D for various tip speed ratios

图11 不同叶尖速比工况X=3D垂直截面阻沙率I云图

Fig.11 Contours of the sand transport variation factor on the vertical plane at X=3D for various tip speed ratios

图12 不同叶尖速比工况X=5D垂直截面阻沙率I云图

Fig.12 Contours of the sand transport variation factor on the vertical plane at X=5D for various tip speed ratios

图13 风电场区域不同粒径沙尘阻沙率I空间分布云图

Fig.13 Spatial distribution contours of the sand blocking rate for different sand grain sizes in the wind farm region

图14 不同粒径沙尘沿流向的地表沉降量与沉降率变化

Fig.14 Variations of surface deposition amount and deposition rate along the flow direction for different grain sizes of sand

参考文献 17

[1]	Wang Y， Wang R， Tanaka K，et al.Accelerating the energy transition towards photovoltaic and wind in China［J］.Nature，2023，619（7971）：761-767.
[2]	Smith S E， Travis K N， Djeridi H，et al.Dynamic effects of inertial particles on the wake recovery of a model wind turbine［J］.Renewable Energy，2021，164：346-361.
[3]	Travis K N， Smith S E， Vignal L，et al.Characterization of coupling between inertial particles and turbulent wakes from porous disk generators［J］.Journal of Fluid Mechanics，2022，933：A42.
[4]	He P， Chen N C， Hu D M.Study of Wake Characteristics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine within two-phase flow［J］.Key Engineering Materials，2011，474：811-815.
[5]	Song Z， Wang J， Wang S.Quantitative classification of northeast Asian dust events［J］.Journal of Geophysical Research：Atmospheres，2007，112（D4）：007048.
[6]	Wang Y， Guan R， Lu P，et al.Large-eddy simulation of dust transport and coherent structures in a wind turbine wake［J］.Physics of Fluids，2025，37（9）：0289853.
[7]	Ma G， Han H， Li Y，et al.Numerical and experimental study of the effects of wind turbine operation on sand-dust transport characteristics［J］.Science China Physics，Mechanics & Astronomy，2024，67（4）：244711.
[8]	Ma G， Zheng Q， Li D，et al.Interaction between wind turbine wakes and sand transport in a wind-sand environment［J］.Renewable Energy，2025：124531.
[9]	Ruan Z， Lu X， Wang S，et al.Impacts of large-scale deployment of mountainous wind farms on wintertime regional air quality in the Beijing-Tian-Hebei area［J］.Atmospheric Environment，2022，278：119074.
[10]	Wang Q， Luo K， Wu C，et al.Impact of substantial wind farms on the local and regional atmospheric boundary layer：case study of Zhangbei wind power base in China［J］.Energy，2019，183：1136-1149.
[11]	Mataji M， Ashrafi K， Shafie Pour-Motlagh M.Can wind turbine farms increase settlement of particulate matters during dust events？［J］.Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy，2023，15（1）：0129481.
[12]	王强.风电场尾流效应及其对大气环境影响的中尺度数值模拟研究［D］.杭州：浙江大学，2020.
[13]	Mo J， Huang T， Zhang X，et al.Spatiotemporal distribution of nitrogen dioxide within and around a large-scale wind farm：a numerical case study［J］.Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics，2017，17（23）：14239-14252.
[14]	李振山，倪晋仁，刘贤万.垂直点阵集沙仪的集沙效率［J］.泥沙研究，2003，28（1）：24-32
[15]	Liu X， Kang Y， Chen H，et al.Application of a high-precision aeolian sand collector in field wind and sand surveys［J］.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health，2021，18（14）：7393.
[16]	黎作武，贺德馨.风能工程中流体力学问题的研究现状与进展［J］.力学进展，2013，43（5）：472-525.
[17]	王萍，胡文文，郑晓静.沙粒的跃移与悬移［J］.中国科学：物理学、力学、天文学，2008，38（7）：908-918.