Composition of soluble salts in sedimentary strata of the Hunshandake Sandy Land and its influencing factors

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00156

Journal of Desert Research ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 177-187.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2025.00156

Composition of soluble salts in sedimentary strata of the Hunshandake Sandy Land and its influencing factors

Xiaozong Ren¹(), Xiaoping Yang²

^1.School of Geography Science / Shanxi Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecological Security in Fenhe River Basin，Taiyuan Normal University，Jinzhong 030619，Shanxi，China
^2.School of Earth Sciences，Zhejiang University，Hangzhou 310027，China

Received:2025-08-25 Revised:2025-10-09 Online:2026-03-20 Published:2026-04-13

Abstract

Abstract:

The soluble salts commonly found in desert/sandy land affect the salt cycle in regions and even globally. The formation of soluble salts in surface sediments is often considered related to climate， while there is much controversy over the factors that contribute to the formation of soluble salts in sub-surface sediments. Soluble salts extracted from two Holocene sections， Saihanxili （SX） and Bayan Nur （BN）， in the Hunshandake Sandy Land， were sampled. The synthetic parameters， hydrochemical types， and major ion contents of the extraction solution were analyzed. The results showed that except for a few samples， the TDS （Total Dissolved Solids） of the soluble salt extract from SX and BN sections was low， and the pH was neutral to slightly alkaline. Additionally， the average values of TDS from aeolian sand， paleosol， and light-colored aeolian sand in the surface layers of the SX section were higher than those in the BN section， while the average values of pH from all layers except the surface aeolian sand layer were lower. The average TDS and pH of the soluble salt extract from the surface layer of aeolian sand in SX section were higher than those in BN section. An analysis of the types and quantities of soluble salts in the surface aeolian sand layer of the SX and BN sections showed that， unlike the dominant ions Cl^- and Na⁺ in western deserts of China， the SX and BN sections from relatively humid areas exhibited HCO $3 -$ and Ca²⁺ as the primary ions. The soluble salt content in these sections was similar to that in western deserts of China， closely correlated with the aridity index and primarily controlled by modern climate， while also influenced by regional environmental factors such as sediment sources. The soluble salts in paleosol and its lower layer sediment are significantly influenced by the ancient environment and climate， resulting in leaching and CaCO₃ deposition corresponding to the humid climate at that time. Water chemical processes such as ion exchange and simple dissolution/linear mixing also affect the distribution of soluble salts in the sections. In addition， biological and human activities affect the distribution of soluble salts in sediments through various means.

Key words: Hunshandake Sandy Land, sedimentary strata, soluble salts, hydrochemistry, influencing factors

CLC Number:

P342

Xiaozong Ren, Xiaoping Yang. Composition of soluble salts in sedimentary strata of the Hunshandake Sandy Land and its influencing factors[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(2): 177-187.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1 The map of study area and the locations of two sections

Fig.2 Stratigraphy of the SX and BN sections

Table 1 The statistics of the synthetic parameters， major ion contents and other indicators in extraction solution from soluble salt， SX and BN section

剖面名称	地层类型	统计值	TDS	pH	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	NH $4 +$	NO $3 -$	HCO $3 -$	SO $4 2 -$	Cl^-	CaCO₃	TOC
SX	表层风成沙(n=8)	最小值	71.00	7.57	1.72	1.03	1.53	9.78	0.53	4.82	60.60	1.13	0.85	0.32	0.15
		最大值	140.00	7.72	6.66	8.36	3.79	15.82	1.45	20.79	170.80	11.13	3.87	0.77	0.31
		均值	84.25	7.65	2.62	2.32	2.31	12.29	0.74	9.40	103.21	5.62	1.60	0.55	0.20
		标准差	21.67	0.04	1.55	2.35	0.68	1.72	0.29	4.99	32.46	3.81	0.92	0.15	0.06
		变异系数	25.72	0.59	59.03	101.11	29.50	13.98	39.07	53.06	31.44	67.80	57.58	26.83	27.12
	深色古土壤(n=12)	最小值	64.00	7.12	2.84	0.35	2.89	7.09	0.13	0.63	56.80	2.05	0.72	0.28	0.12
		最大值	98.00	7.65	4.66	2.88	6.16	12.28	1.88	19.05	96.80	5.62	6.85	0.83	0.24
		均值	79.08	7.39	3.60	1.24	4.61	9.65	0.61	5.93	78.12	4.25	2.00	0.54	0.19
		标准差	8.80	0.17	0.57	0.57	1.06	1.51	0.43	4.27	11.96	0.85	1.57	0.16	0.04
		变异系数	11.13	2.34	15.85	46.26	22.94	15.66	71.33	71.96	15.31	19.99	78.67	28.95	21.98
	浅色风成沙(n=10)	最小值	75.00	7.16	4.41	0.66	4.99	9.21	0.08	0.10	68.90	1.08	0.71	0.74	0.06
		最大值	101.00	7.74	7.12	1.37	7.77	14.60	0.12	0.83	91.00	4.40	2.16	2.26	0.13
		均值	88.00	7.45	6.13	1.13	6.20	11.03	0.10	0.36	81.79	2.10	1.26	1.57	0.08
		标准差	7.21	0.19	0.98	0.19	0.85	1.46	0.02	0.21	6.93	0.99	0.49	0.49	0.02
		变异系数	8.19	2.51	15.93	16.92	13.78	13.27	15.97	60.04	8.48	47.04	38.61	31.52	26.29
BN	表层风成沙(n=7)	最小值	58.00	7.28	2.26	1.72	1.27	12.58	0.63	7.46	42.20	1.47	1.38	0.24	0.12
		最大值	108.00	7.74	3.83	4.62	2.33	18.94	1.37	28.47	89.00	11.89	3.64	0.60	0.29
		均值	80.86	7.56	2.95	2.61	1.83	15.63	0.90	17.61	65.91	6.01	2.68	0.38	0.19
		标准差	17.83	0.18	0.49	0.91	0.41	2.42	0.23	7.03	16.59	3.42	0.78	0.12	0.06
		变异系数	22.05	2.37	16.72	35.05	22.37	15.50	25.72	39.90	25.17	56.86	28.97	31.25	32.82
	浅色古土壤(n=3)	最小值	72.00	7.55	2.38	1.08	2.38	14.67	0.42	8.30	51.60	6.68	2.54	0.27	0.25
		最大值	83.00	7.67	3.13	1.94	2.64	15.46	0.83	10.04	63.30	14.40	5.92	0.36	0.32
		均值	77.00	7.62	2.65	1.51	2.52	15.16	0.64	9.16	56.27	10.49	4.48	0.31	0.29
		标准差	4.55	0.05	0.34	0.35	0.11	0.35	0.17	0.71	5.06	3.15	1.42	0.04	0.03
		变异系数	5.90	0.69	12.91	23.27	4.32	2.33	26.43	7.75	8.99	30.07	31.76	13.42	10.13
	深色古土壤(n=6)	最小值	67.00	7.70	1.57	1.01	2.06	13.36	0.10	1.35	59.10	3.03	1.01	0.27	0.22
		最大值	88.00	8.02	2.17	1.77	3.76	26.88	0.17	3.80	307.70	8.88	8.57	4.25	0.50
		均值	77.17	7.86	1.97	1.33	3.02	18.39	0.14	2.74	135.55	5.00	3.39	1.64	0.35
		标准差	7.82	0.12	0.20	0.23	0.60	5.53	0.03	0.85	94.84	2.11	2.48	1.70	0.09
		变异系数	10.13	1.52	10.14	17.52	19.92	30.06	20.61	31.10	69.96	42.13	73.00	103.68	26.92
	浅色风成沙(n=12)	最小值	38.80	7.73	0.59	0.98	3.08	9.20	0.11	0.21	52.70	0.36	0.28	0.53	0.06
		最大值	76.00	8.30	1.34	2.76	4.79	26.01	0.18	0.85	155.20	2.04	1.95	2.75	0.14
		均值	61.42	7.89	0.80	1.70	3.36	14.80	0.14	0.38	88.40	0.90	0.65	1.06	0.08
		标准差	10.71	0.15	0.25	0.43	0.44	5.63	0.02	0.18	34.41	0.59	0.51	0.66	0.02
		变异系数	17.44	1.95	31.37	25.11	13.04	38.06	14.32	47.40	38.93	66.27	78.58	62.54	28.79
	河流/湖岸粗粒沉积物(n=2)	最小值	68.00	7.70	1.59	2.69	5.13	8.58	0.14	0.40	69.80	0.70	0.57	0.58	0.07
		最大值	71.00	8.01	1.92	3.46	5.21	10.04	0.14	0.61	75.80	0.96	0.62	0.75	0.07
		均值	69.50	7.86	1.75	3.08	5.17	9.31	0.14	0.50	72.80	0.83	0.60	0.66	0.07
		标准差	1.50	0.16	0.17	0.38	0.04	0.73	0.00	0.11	3.00	0.13	0.03	0.08	0.00
		变异系数	2.16	1.97	9.48	12.48	0.85	7.80	0.12	21.04	4.12	15.49	4.67	12.73	0.62

Table 1 The statistics of the synthetic parameters， major ion contents and other indicators in extraction solution from soluble salt， SX and BN section

剖面名称	地层类型	统计值	TDS	pH	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	NH $4 +$	NO $3 -$	HCO $3 -$	SO $4 2 -$	Cl^-	CaCO₃	TOC
SX	表层风成沙(n=8)	最小值	71.00	7.57	1.72	1.03	1.53	9.78	0.53	4.82	60.60	1.13	0.85	0.32	0.15
		最大值	140.00	7.72	6.66	8.36	3.79	15.82	1.45	20.79	170.80	11.13	3.87	0.77	0.31
		均值	84.25	7.65	2.62	2.32	2.31	12.29	0.74	9.40	103.21	5.62	1.60	0.55	0.20
		标准差	21.67	0.04	1.55	2.35	0.68	1.72	0.29	4.99	32.46	3.81	0.92	0.15	0.06
		变异系数	25.72	0.59	59.03	101.11	29.50	13.98	39.07	53.06	31.44	67.80	57.58	26.83	27.12
	深色古土壤(n=12)	最小值	64.00	7.12	2.84	0.35	2.89	7.09	0.13	0.63	56.80	2.05	0.72	0.28	0.12
		最大值	98.00	7.65	4.66	2.88	6.16	12.28	1.88	19.05	96.80	5.62	6.85	0.83	0.24
		均值	79.08	7.39	3.60	1.24	4.61	9.65	0.61	5.93	78.12	4.25	2.00	0.54	0.19
		标准差	8.80	0.17	0.57	0.57	1.06	1.51	0.43	4.27	11.96	0.85	1.57	0.16	0.04
		变异系数	11.13	2.34	15.85	46.26	22.94	15.66	71.33	71.96	15.31	19.99	78.67	28.95	21.98
	浅色风成沙(n=10)	最小值	75.00	7.16	4.41	0.66	4.99	9.21	0.08	0.10	68.90	1.08	0.71	0.74	0.06
		最大值	101.00	7.74	7.12	1.37	7.77	14.60	0.12	0.83	91.00	4.40	2.16	2.26	0.13
		均值	88.00	7.45	6.13	1.13	6.20	11.03	0.10	0.36	81.79	2.10	1.26	1.57	0.08
		标准差	7.21	0.19	0.98	0.19	0.85	1.46	0.02	0.21	6.93	0.99	0.49	0.49	0.02
		变异系数	8.19	2.51	15.93	16.92	13.78	13.27	15.97	60.04	8.48	47.04	38.61	31.52	26.29
BN	表层风成沙(n=7)	最小值	58.00	7.28	2.26	1.72	1.27	12.58	0.63	7.46	42.20	1.47	1.38	0.24	0.12
		最大值	108.00	7.74	3.83	4.62	2.33	18.94	1.37	28.47	89.00	11.89	3.64	0.60	0.29
		均值	80.86	7.56	2.95	2.61	1.83	15.63	0.90	17.61	65.91	6.01	2.68	0.38	0.19
		标准差	17.83	0.18	0.49	0.91	0.41	2.42	0.23	7.03	16.59	3.42	0.78	0.12	0.06
		变异系数	22.05	2.37	16.72	35.05	22.37	15.50	25.72	39.90	25.17	56.86	28.97	31.25	32.82
	浅色古土壤(n=3)	最小值	72.00	7.55	2.38	1.08	2.38	14.67	0.42	8.30	51.60	6.68	2.54	0.27	0.25
		最大值	83.00	7.67	3.13	1.94	2.64	15.46	0.83	10.04	63.30	14.40	5.92	0.36	0.32
		均值	77.00	7.62	2.65	1.51	2.52	15.16	0.64	9.16	56.27	10.49	4.48	0.31	0.29
		标准差	4.55	0.05	0.34	0.35	0.11	0.35	0.17	0.71	5.06	3.15	1.42	0.04	0.03
		变异系数	5.90	0.69	12.91	23.27	4.32	2.33	26.43	7.75	8.99	30.07	31.76	13.42	10.13
	深色古土壤(n=6)	最小值	67.00	7.70	1.57	1.01	2.06	13.36	0.10	1.35	59.10	3.03	1.01	0.27	0.22
		最大值	88.00	8.02	2.17	1.77	3.76	26.88	0.17	3.80	307.70	8.88	8.57	4.25	0.50
		均值	77.17	7.86	1.97	1.33	3.02	18.39	0.14	2.74	135.55	5.00	3.39	1.64	0.35
		标准差	7.82	0.12	0.20	0.23	0.60	5.53	0.03	0.85	94.84	2.11	2.48	1.70	0.09
		变异系数	10.13	1.52	10.14	17.52	19.92	30.06	20.61	31.10	69.96	42.13	73.00	103.68	26.92
	浅色风成沙(n=12)	最小值	38.80	7.73	0.59	0.98	3.08	9.20	0.11	0.21	52.70	0.36	0.28	0.53	0.06
		最大值	76.00	8.30	1.34	2.76	4.79	26.01	0.18	0.85	155.20	2.04	1.95	2.75	0.14
		均值	61.42	7.89	0.80	1.70	3.36	14.80	0.14	0.38	88.40	0.90	0.65	1.06	0.08
		标准差	10.71	0.15	0.25	0.43	0.44	5.63	0.02	0.18	34.41	0.59	0.51	0.66	0.02
		变异系数	17.44	1.95	31.37	25.11	13.04	38.06	14.32	47.40	38.93	66.27	78.58	62.54	28.79
	河流/湖岸粗粒沉积物(n=2)	最小值	68.00	7.70	1.59	2.69	5.13	8.58	0.14	0.40	69.80	0.70	0.57	0.58	0.07
		最大值	71.00	8.01	1.92	3.46	5.21	10.04	0.14	0.61	75.80	0.96	0.62	0.75	0.07
		均值	69.50	7.86	1.75	3.08	5.17	9.31	0.14	0.50	72.80	0.83	0.60	0.66	0.07
		标准差	1.50	0.16	0.17	0.38	0.04	0.73	0.00	0.11	3.00	0.13	0.03	0.08	0.00
		变异系数	2.16	1.97	9.48	12.48	0.85	7.80	0.12	21.04	4.12	15.49	4.67	12.73	0.62

Fig.3 The variation of synthetic parameters， major ion contents and other indicators with section depth

Fig.4 Hydrochemical types of soluble salt from SX and BN section indicated by Piper diagram

Fig.5 Relationship between aridity index and TDS in dissolved salts in desert surface sediments

Fig.6 The hydrogeochemical evolution process of soluble salt from SX and BN section indicated by the Expanded Durov Diagram

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Composition of soluble salts in sedimentary strata of the Hunshandake Sandy Land and its influencing factors

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