河西走廊典型荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应的稳定同位素分析

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2016.00055

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 基于稳定同位素技术研究了河西走廊中部典型荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动的响应。结果表明：降水分布及其δ¹⁸O值都存在显著的季节变化特征，降水事件多发生在夏季，且有较高的δ¹⁸O值，而冬季降水稀少，且δ¹⁸O值偏低。降水以脉动方式输入土壤中，不同量级的降水事件会导致土壤含水量和δ¹⁸O值不同程度的响应。降水入渗后不同深度的土壤含水量和δ¹⁸O值的响应程度和响应时间不同，土壤深度越大，响应程度越小且响应时间越滞后。对比降水δ¹⁸O值和降水后不同深度的土壤水δ¹⁸O值的变化发现，表层土壤能够迅速的对降水做出响应，下层土壤的响应具有滞后性。即这种自上而下的活塞式下渗是该区主要的降水入渗方式。荒漠区土壤水分受降水的调节和控制，但是深层土壤水受小降水事件的影响较小，大降水事件虽然发生频率较小，但是能够对深层土壤水形成有效的补给，对整个荒漠生态系统的可持续发展都具有十分重要的意义。

关键词: 荒漠区, 降水脉动, 土壤水分, 稳定同位素

Abstract: Using stable isotope investigated the soil moisture response of precipitation pulse in a typical desert area in the middle Hexi Corridor, China. The 18-oxygen of precipitation and rainfall distribution showed significantly seasonal effect. There were more rain frequency and heavier 18-oxygen of precipitation in summer than in winter. Precipitation input into soil by the way of pulse, and the soil water content and 18-oxygen showed different changes among soil layers after different precipitation. The 8-oxygen of soil water and resident time varied following the soil depth. We found that the precipitation moved through soil layers by piston displacement in this desert area. The soil moisture regulated and controlled by rainfall events, but the deeper water was little influenced by light rainfall. Although the frequency of heavy rainfall was low in the desert area, the deeper soil water could acquire effective recharge and have important significance in maintaining the development of the desert ecosystem.

Key words: desert area, precipitation pulse, soil moisture, stable isotope

中图分类号:

S152.7

周海, 赵文智. 河西走廊典型荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应的稳定同位素分析[J]. 中国沙漠, 2016, 36(6): 1637-1645.

Zhou Hai, Zhao Wenzhi. Response of Soil Moisture to Precipitation Pulse by Stable Isotope in Desert Area of the Hexi Corridor[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2016, 36(6): 1637-1645.

参考文献

[1] Mohammad J B,Howard G.Competition for pulsed resources:an experimental study of establishment and coexistence for an arid-land grass[J].Oecologia,2006,148:555-563.
[2] 赵文智,刘鸽.干旱、半干旱环境降水脉动对生态系统的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):243-249.
[3] Li X R,Kong D S,Tan H J,et al.Changes in soil and in vegetation following stabilisation of dunes in southeastern fringe of the Tengger Desert,China[J].Plant Soil,2007,300:221-231.
[4] 李新荣,张志山,谭会娟,等.我国北方风沙危害区生态重建与恢复:腾格里沙漠土壤水分与植被承载力的探讨[J].中国科学:生命科学,2014,44(3):257-266.
[5] Muldavin E,Moore D,Collins S,et al.Aboveground net primary production dynamics in a northern Chihuahuan Desert ecosystem[J].Oecologia,2008,155:123-132.
[6] Reynolds J F,Kemp P R,Ogle K,et al.Modifying the-pulse-reserve paradigm for deserts of North America:precipitation pulses,soil water,and plant responses[J].Oecologia,2004,141:194-210.
[7] Lee K S,Kim J M,Lee D R,et al.Analysis of water movement through an unsaturated soil zone in Jeju Island,Korea using stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes[J].Journal of Hydrology,2007,345(3):199-211.
[8] Schwinning S,Sala O E.Hierarchy of responses to resource pulses in semi-arid ecosystems[J].Oecologia,2004,141:211-220
[9] Loik M E,Breshears D D,Lauenroth W K,et al.A multi-scale perspective of water pulses in dryland ecosystems:climatology and ecohydrology of the western USA[J].Oecologia,2004,141:269-281.
[10] Liu H,Zhao W,He Z,et al.Stochastic modelling of soil moisture dynamics in a grassland of Qilian Mountain at point scale[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2007,50:1844-1856.
[11] Noy-Meir I.Desert Ecosystems:Environment and Producers[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973,4:25-51.
[12] 魏雅芬,郭柯,陈吉泉.降雨格局对库布齐沙漠土壤水分的补充效应[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1346-1355.
[13] 李新荣,张志山,王新平,等.干旱区土壤-植被系统恢复的生态水文学研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(5):845-851.
[14] 林光辉.稳定同位素生态学:先进技术推动的生态学新分支[J].植物生态学报,2010,34(2):119-122.
[15] 程立平,刘文兆.黄土塬区几种典型土地利用类型的土壤水稳定同位素特征[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(3):651-658.
[16] Song X,Wang S,Xiao G,et al.A study of soil water movement combining soil water potential with stable isotopes at two sites of shallow groundwater areas in the North China Plain[J].Hydrological Processes,2009,23(9):1376-1388.
[17] Hsieh J C C,Chadwick O A,Kelly E F,et al.Oxygen isotopic composition of soil water:quantifying evaporation and transpiration[J].Geoderma,1998,82(1):269-293.
[18] Reynolds J F,Kemp P R,Tenhunen J D.Effects of long-term rainfall variability on evapotranspiration and soil water distribution in the Chihuahuan Desert:a modeling analysis[J].Plant Ecology,2000,150(1/2):145-159.
[19] Liu B L,Fred P L,Susan H L,et al.Water movement in desert soil traced by hydrogen and oxygen isotopes,Chloride,and chlorine-36,southern Arizona[J].Journal of Hydrology,1995,168:91-110.
[20] Darling W G,Bath A H.A stable isotope study of recharge processes in the English Chalk[J].Journal of Hydrology,1988,101:31-46.
[21] Fontes J C,Yousfi M,Allison G B.Estimation of long-term diffuse groundwater discharge in the northern Sahara using stable isotope profiles in soil water[J].Journal of Hydrology,1986,86:315-327.
[22] Gazis C,Feng X.A stable isotope study of soil water:evidence for mixing and preferential flow paths[J].Geoderma,2004,119(1):970111.
[23] Mathieu R,Bariac T.An isotopic study (²H and ¹⁸O) of water movements in clayey soils under a semiarid climate[J].Water Resources Research,1996,32(4):779-789.
[24] Tang K,Feng X.The effect of soil hydrology on the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of plants' source water[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2001,185(3):355-367.
[25] 原鹏飞,丁国栋,王炜炜,等.毛乌素沙地降雨入渗和蒸发特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(4):23-27.
[26] 王志,王蕾,刘连友,等.毛乌素沙地沙丘干沙层水分特征初步研究[J].干旱区研究,2006,23(1):89-92.
[27] 郑淑慧,侯发高,倪宝玲.我国大气降水的氢氧同位素研究[J].科学通报,1983,28(3):801-806.
[28] B hlke J K,Ericksen G E,Revesz K.Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California,USA[J].Chemical Geology,1997,136(1):135-152.
[29] 章新平,刘晶淼,孙维贞等.中国西南地区降水中氧稳定同位素比率与相关气象要素之间关系的研究[J].中国科学(D辑),2006,36(9):850-859.
[30] 郭小燕,冯起,李宗省,等.敦煌盆地降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):715-723.
[31] 赵良菊,尹力,肖洪浪,等.黑河源区水汽来源及地表径流组成的稳定同位素证据[J].科学通报,2011,56(1):58-67.
[32] Danssaard W.Stable isotopes in precipitation[J].Tellus,1964,16(4):436-468.
[33] Weltzin J F,Tissue D T.Resource pulses in arid environments-patterns of rain,patterns of life[J].New Phytologists,2002,157:171-173.
[34] Reynolds J F,Kemp P R,Ogle K,et al.Modifying the-pulse-reserve paradigm for deserts of North America:precipitation pulses,soil water,and plant responses[J].Oecologia,2004,141:194-210.
[35] Robertson J A,Gazis C.An oxygen isotope study of seasonal trends in soil water fluxes at two sites along a climate gradient in Washington State (USA)[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,328:375-380.
[36] Sala O E,Lauenroth W K.Small rainfall events:an ecological role in semiarid regions[J].Oecologia,1982,53(3):301-304.
[37] 潘颜霞,王新平,苏延桂,等.荒漠人工固沙植被区浅层土壤水分动态的时间稳定性特征[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):81-86.
[38] 刘冰,赵文智,常学向,等.黑河流域荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应[J].中国沙漠,2011,31(3):716-722.
[39] McAuliffe J R.The interface between precipitation and vegetation[M]//Weltzin J F,McPherson G R.Changing Precipitation Regimes and Terrestrial Ecosystems.Tucson,USA:University of Arizona Press,2003,1:9-27.
[40] Findell K,Eltahir E A B.An analysis of the soil moisture-rainfall feedback,based on direct observations from Illinois[J].Water Resource Research,1997,33(4):725-735.
[41] Padilla I Y,Yeh T C J,Conklin M H.The effect of water content on solute transport in unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resources Research,1999,35(11):3303-3313.
[42] Pang L,Close M.Field-scale physical non-equilibrium transport in an alluvial gravel aquifer[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,1999,38(4):447-464.
[43] Xu Q,Liu S,Wan X,et al.Effects of rainfall on soil moisture and water movement in a subalpine dark coniferous forest in southwestern China[J].Hydrological Processes,2012,26(25):3800-3809.
[44] 周海,郑新军,唐立松,等.盐生荒漠土壤水稳定氢、氧同位素组成季节动态[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(1):162-169.
[45] Kendy E,Gérard-Marchant P,Todd Walter M,et al.A soil-water-balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain[J].Hydrological Processes,2003,17(10):2011-2031.
[46] Williams D G,Ehleringer J R.Intra-and interspecific variation for summer precipitation use in pinyon-juniper woodlands[J].Ecological Monographs,2000,70(4):517-537.
[47] Cheng X,An S,Li B,et al.Summer rain pulse size and rainwater uptake by three dominant desert plants in a desertified grassland ecosystem in northwestern China[J].Plant Ecology,2006,184(1):1-12.