干旱区新垦绿洲防护林体系的防护效益分析——以克拉玛依农业综合开发区为例

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 克拉玛依新垦绿洲内部光、热、水、土资源丰富,但生态环境极为恶劣,存在干旱、风沙和盐碱等生态问题,严重阻碍着农业生产的持续发展。通过建立有效的防护林体系来改善种植区生态环境,以保证农业生产的顺利进行。结合野外实地调查资料,对研究区内绿洲防护林林带特征和现有防护林的防风效能、气温、相对湿度等小气候等指标进行了测定比较,结果表明：背风面随着距林带距离的增加,其防风效能呈现递减的趋势,随着防护林的生长,其防风效果也随之提高;在背风面垂直方向上自上而下防风效能呈现递增的趋势,林带有叶期的防风效果明显优于无叶期。林带较之荒漠区具有一定程度的降温增湿作用,同时林带对于防护林内土壤温度和土壤水分的调节作用也很显著。

关键词: 干旱区, 新垦绿洲, 防护林, 防护效益, 新疆克拉玛依

Abstract: There are plenty of solar, heat, water and soil resources in Karamay new-cultivated oasis. However, the eco-environment is extremely badly. The problem is mainly showed as serious drought, severe sand blowing and high salt-alkalinity, which seriously hampered the sustainable development of agriculture. By setting up the valid shelterbelt systems to improve the planting condition of plant area so as to guarantee the agricultural production carries on smoothly.According to the data investigated in field and based on the existing the protection forest system, we analyzed the varieties of the windproof efficiency in horizontal and vertical directions both windward and leeward, and analyzed the windproof efficiency of different years. The results indicated that the windproof benefits of shelterbelt leeward more remarkable than windward, the windproof benefits more remarkable in leafed periods than leafless periods. We also discovered with the distance from the shelterbelt increased the windproof efficiency weakened gradually, the wind speed reconverted the field level at 95 m away from the shelterbelt. The analysis of the thermodynamic and hydrologic benefits on shelterbelt showed: the shelterbelts had function on adjusting the air temperature. In sunny daytime, the air temperature and ground temperature near the shelterbelt deeper than reference point, the relative humidity near the shelterbelt higher than the field. The shelterbelts also had distinctively effects on adjusting temperature and soil moisture of the under-shelterbelts.

Key words: arid area, new-cultivated oasis, shelterbelt, protective effect, Karamay in Xinjiang

中图分类号:

S727.2

袁素芬;陈亚宁*;李卫红. 干旱区新垦绿洲防护林体系的防护效益分析——以克拉玛依农业综合开发区为例[J]. 中国沙漠, 2007, 27(4): 600-607.

YUAN Su-fen;CHEN Ya-ning;LI Wei-hong. Protective Effect of Shelterbelts in New-cultivated Oasis of Arid Area:—Case Study in Karamay Agricultural Development Region[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2007, 27(4): 600-607.

参考文献

[1]周军莉,王元,徐忠.不同类型林带防护效应的数值模拟[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(2):201-204.
[2]王根绪,程国栋,徐中民.中国西北干旱区水资源利用及其生态环境问题[J].自然资源学报,1999,14(2):109-117.
[3]郝玉光,包耀贤,刘明虎,等.干旱沙区营建模式与经营评价研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(5):199-203.
[4]崔清涛,章海波,杨明,等. 科尔沁沙地生态经济型防护林体系综合效益评价的研究[J].内蒙古林业科技,1996(2):26-32
[5]薛智德,廖超英,高国雄,等.毛乌素沙地榆林沙区经济林配置结构研究[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(2):114-119.
[6]高国雄,薛智德,李会科,等.毛乌素沙地水域防护林体系结构配置的研究[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(2):110-114.
[7]马力,刘贤德,金铭.河西走廊农田防护林网效益分析及发展对策[J].防护林科技,2005(2):59-61.
[8]郝玉光,丁国栋,张景波,等.乌兰布和沙漠东北缘防护林体系建设对风沙灾害性天气影响的数量化研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):79-82.
[9]陈炳浩,郝玉光,陈永富.乌兰布和沙区区域性防护林体系气候生态效益评价的研究[J].林业科学研究,2003,16(1):63-68.
[10]王葆芳,刘星辰,任培政.乌兰布和沙地人工绿洲防护林体系模式生态和经济效益评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(2):60-67.
[11]何志斌,赵文智,屈连宝.黑河中游绿洲防护林的防护效应分析[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(1):79-82.
[12]胡海淀,王汉杰,鲁小珍,等.中国干旱半干旱地区防护林气候效应的分析[J].南京林业大学学报（自然科学版）,2001,25(3):77-82.
[13]李自珍,程国栋,惠苍.绿洲防护林系统的最优控制模式及其应用研究[J].地球科学进展,2002,17(1):27-32.
[14]祁元祯.荒漠、半荒漠地区建设铁路中风沙流防护体系的研究[J].中国沙漠,1996,16（3）:266-274.
[15]汪万福,李最雄,刘贤万,等.敦煌莫高窟顶灌木林带防护效应研究[J].中国沙漠,2004,24(3):306-312.
[16]艾力·买买提明,杨青,阿吉古丽·沙依提,等.塔中油田作业区防护林带的小气候效应[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(4):535-540.
[17]阎树文,等.农田防护林学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992:48-49.
[18]张强,王胜.绿洲与荒漠背景夏季近地层大气特征的对比分析[J].冰川冻土,2005,27(2):282-289.
[19]王金叶,车克钧,王艺林,等.干旱半干旱区山地森林的水分调节功能[J].林业科学,2001,37(5):120-125.
[20]郭泉水,谭德远,王春玲,等.肉苁蓉采挖坑对梭梭根际土壤水分的影响研究[J].林业科学研究,2005,18(3):315-320.
[21]张劲松,孟平,宋兆民,等.我国平原农区复合农林业小气候效应研究概述[J].中国农业气象,2004,25(8):52-55,62.
[22]向成华,黄礼隆,蒋俊明,等.国内外防护林体系效益研究动态综述[J].四川林业科技,1998,9(1):52-56.
[23]李秀江,杨春花,秦淑英,等.农田防护林体系的效益及评价方法[J].河北林果研究,2000,15(1):89-94.
[24]曹新孙.农田防护林国外研究概况(二)[C]∥中国科学院林业土壤研究所.中国科学院林业土壤研究所集刊.北京:科学出版社,1979.
[25]周晓峰,等.中国森林与生态环境[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999:69-70.
[26]李传荣,武玉欣,邵泽胜,等.经济林林内小气候效应的研究[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(3):106-109.