灌丛对沙质草地土壤结皮形成发育的影响及其作用机制

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了了解灌丛对沙地土壤结皮的影响及其作用机制, 2006—2007年在科尔沁沙地调查了灌丛群落土壤结皮的发育特征, 并进行了田间模拟降尘、添加凋落物和结皮生物接种的试验。结果如下:①大气降尘、凋落物和微生物接种均可明显促进沙地土壤结皮的形成;②湿润、遮荫环境要比干旱、光照环境更有利于沙地土壤结皮的形成,但土壤结皮形成和发育对水分的敏感程度要大于对光照的敏感程度;③灌丛的存在对于流动沙地土壤结皮的形成发育具有明显的促进作用,沙地栽植灌木后通常会产生肥岛效应,在冠层下逐步形成结皮,并由灌丛内向外扩散;④灌丛促进沙地土壤结皮发育的主要机制是灌丛具有降风滞尘、拦截凋落物、遮荫保湿的功能,能使土壤黏粉粒、有机质、土壤养分和水分含量明显增加,为结皮的形成发育创造了良好物质条件和环境条件。

关键词: 沙地, 灌丛, 土壤结皮, 影响, 机制

Abstract: Planting shrubs is a common measure to control mobile sand in semi-arid area. In order to understand effects of shrubs on development of soil crusts and its mechanism, an investigation on development properties of soil crusts outside and inside shrub communities and a field experiment on effects of falling dust, adding litter, and inoculating bio-crust were conducted in 2006—2007 in Horqin Sandy Land. Results show that 1) falling dust and adding litter and inoculating bio-crust can obviously promote formation and development of soil crusts in mobile sand land; 2) it is more beneficial to development of soil crusts in wet and shade environment than in arid and sun environment, and development of soil crusts is more sensitive to moisture than to illumination; 3) shrubs can markedly promote development of soil crusts in mobile sand land because "fertile island" effects appear after shrubs are planted in mobile sand land, and soil crusts format there and then extend gradually around shrubs; and 4) effects of shrubs on development of soil crusts result mainly from the function of reducing wind speed, holding dust and producing litter, so that resulting in a visible increase of fine particles, organic matter and nutrients in soil, and promote visible amelioration of local microenvironment.

Key words: sandy land, shrub, soil crust, effects, mechanism

中图分类号:

S151

赵哈林;郭轶瑞;周瑞莲. 灌丛对沙质草地土壤结皮形成发育的影响及其作用机制[J]. 中国沙漠, 2011, 31(5): 1105-1111.

ZHAO Ha-lin;GUO Yi-rui;ZHOU Rui-lian. Effects of Shrub on Development of Soil Crust and Its Mechanism in Sandy Grassland[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2011, 31(5): 1105-1111.

参考文献

[1]Belnap J,Lange O L.Biological soil crusts: structure,function,and management[M].Ecological Studies,Springer,Berlin-Heidelberg-New York,2001.
[2]胡霞,蔡强国,刘连友,等.人工降雨条件下几种土壤结皮发育特征[J].土壤学报,2005,42(3):504-510.
[3]贾宝全,张红旗,张志强,等.甘肃省民勤沙区土壤结皮理化性质研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(7):1442-1449.
[4]郭轶瑞,赵哈林,左小安,等.科尔沁沙地沙丘恢复过程中典型灌丛下结皮发育特征及表层土壤特性[J].环境科学,2008,29 (4):1027-1035.
[5]Belnap J,Phillips S L,Miller M E.Response of desert biological soil crusts to alterations in precipitation frequency[J].Oecologia,2004,141(2):306-316.
[6]范云涛,雷廷武,蔡强国.湿润速度和累积降雨对土壤表面结皮发育的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):764-772.
[7]吴玉环.生物土壤结皮的生态功能[J].生态学杂志,2002,21(4):41-45.
[8]Brotherson J D,Rushforth S R.Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of a soil in Navajo National Monument Arizona[J].Great Basin Naturalist,1983,43:73-79.
[9]Hu C X,Liu Y D,Song L M.Effect of desert soil algae on the stabilization of fine sands [J].Journal of Applied Phycology,2002,14(4):281-292.
[10]Czintalan Z,Tuba Z,Takacs Z,et al.Responses of nine bryophyte and one lichen species from different microhabitats to elevated UV-B radiation[J].Photosynthetica(Prague),2001,39(2):317-320.
[11]闫德仁,薛英英,韩凤杰,等.沙漠生物土壤结皮国外研究概况[J].内蒙古林业科技,2007,33(1):39-44.
[12]李新荣,贾玉奎,龙立群,等.干旱半干旱地区土壤微生物结皮的生态学意义及若干进展[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(1):4-10.
[13]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,等.沙漠化的生物过程及植被恢复机理[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[14]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤物理化学分析方法[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.
[15]肖洪浪,张继贤,李金贵.腾格里沙漠东南缘降尘粒度特征与沉积速率[J].中国沙漠,1997,17(2):127-132.
[16]Su Y Z,Zhao H L,Li Y L,et al.Influencing mechanisms of several shrubs on soil chemical properties in semiarid Horqin Sandy Land,China[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2004,18:251-263.
[17]Fang H Y,Cai Q G,Chen H,et al.Mechanism of formation of physical soil crust in desert soils treated with straw checkerboard[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2007,93:222-230.
[18]Li X R,Wang X P,Li T,et al.Microbiotic soil crust and its effect on vegetation and habitat on artificial stabilized desert dunes in Tengger Desert,North China[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002,35:147-154.
[19]刘平,张虎元,王锦芳.表土结皮形成影响因素评述[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(5):662-669.
[20]Ponzetti J M,Mccune B P.Biotic soil crusts of Oregons shrub steppe:community composition in relation to soil chemistry,climate,and livestock activity[J].The Bryologist,2001,104(2):212-225.
[21]房世波,冯凌,刘华杰,等.生物土壤结皮对全球气候变化的响应[J].生态学报,2008,28(7):3312-3322.
[22]李守中,肖洪浪,罗芳,等.沙坡头植被固沙区生物结皮对土壤水文过程的调控作用[J].中国沙漠,2005,25(2):228-233.
[23]段争虎,刘新民,屈建军.沙坡头地区土壤结皮形成机制的研究[J].干旱区研究,1996,13(2):31-37.
[24]李守中,肖洪浪,宋耀选,等.腾格里沙漠人工固沙植被区生物土壤结皮对降水的拦截作用[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(6):612-616.
[25]胡霞,刘连友,蔡强国,等.土壤结皮的研究进展及其评述[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(3):145-150.