乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘风蚀空间分布规律及其影响因素

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2017.00072

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为科学治理黄河乌兰布和沙漠沿岸风沙入黄问题，以该河段风沙危害严重的刘拐沙头流动沙丘为研究对象，开展沿岸沙丘风蚀与沉积规律及其影响因素研究。结果表明：（1）沙丘不同部位风蚀与沉积存在差异，与风速在沙丘的空间分布相关。迎风坡坡脚、坡中以风蚀为主，风蚀速率分别为1.07、1.31 cm·d^-1；坡顶风蚀和沉积交替进行，风蚀速率2.16 cm·d^-1，沉积速率1.36 cm·d^-1；沙丘背风坡受反向气流影响以沉积为主，沉积速率2.19 cm·d^-1，风蚀主要出现夏秋季节反向风时期；丘间地受上风向沙丘阻挡的影响，一般以沉积为主，平均沉积速率0.12 cm·d^-1。丘间地净风蚀量与背风坡显著差异（P<0.05），但与坡脚、坡中和坡顶差异不显著（P>0.1）；背风坡净风蚀量与坡脚、坡中和坡顶极显著差异（P<0.01）。从总风蚀速率来看，风沙活动活跃强度排序：坡顶 > 背风坡 > 坡中 > 坡脚 > 丘间地。（2）冬春季节风蚀与夏秋季节存在显著差异（P<0.05），风力和降水的季节性差异是造成风蚀季节性差异的主要因素。研究结果可为沿岸流动沙丘风沙入黄防治和完善黄河沿岸风沙防护体系提供参考。

关键词: 沙丘, 风蚀速率, 风蚀测钎, 乌兰布和沙漠

Abstract: This paper analyses the law of coastal dunes wind erosion/deposition and influencing factors along the Yellow River coast of Ulan Buh Desert. A field observation test about wind erosion and deposition was carried out in Liuguai moving dune of coastal regions of the Yellow River. Results show that:(1) Differences between wind erosion and deposition at different positions of the sand dunes are related to the spatial distribution of the wind speed. In the foot and middle of the windward slope, it's given priority to wind erosion, and wind erosion rate is 1.07 cm·d^-1 and 1.31 cm·d^-1, respectively. In the crest, erosion and deposition occur alternately, and erosion rate is 2.16 cm·d^-1, deposition rate is 1.36 cm·d^-1. Leeward side of the dunes is given priority to deposition by eddy current effect, deposition rate is 2.19 cm·d^-1, and wind erosion occurs only in summer and fall of reverse wind period. The dunes lowland is affected by the upward dunes on the block, and it is given priority to deposition, with deposition rate on average 0.12 cm·d^-1. Net amounts of wind erosion in lowland and leeward side exist significant difference (P<0.05), but the difference is not significant between lowland and the foot of the windward slope, middle windward slope, crest (P>0.1). There is not extremely significant differences between leeward side and foot of the windward slope, middle windward slope, crest (P<0.01). The sand activity intensity is sorted as crest > leeward side > middle windward slope > the foot of windward slope > lowland. (2)There are significant differences in the wind erosion between summer to autumn and winter to spring (P<0.05), and the seasonal difference of wind speed and precipitation are the main factors of wind erosion seasonal differences.

Key words: sand dune, wind erosion rate, erosion pins, Ulan Buh Desert

中图分类号:

P931.3

李锦荣, 郭建英, 赵纳祺, 张志杰, 刘铁军, 吴强. 乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘风蚀空间分布规律及其影响因素[J]. 中国沙漠, 2018, 38(5): 928-935.

Li Jinrong, Guo Jianying, Zhao Naqi, Zhang Zhijie, Liu Tiejun, Wu Qiang. The Spatial and Temporal Variability of Sand Erosion and Its Influences Factors across A Coastal Dune in Ulan Buh Desert, China[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2018, 38(5): 928-935.

参考文献

[1] 张正偲,董治宝,赵爱国.输沙势计算中的"时距"问题[J].干旱区地理,2010,33(2):177-182.
[2] 叶冬梅,秦佳琪,韩胜利,等.乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘不同部位水分动态研究[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(3):367-370.
[3] Davidson-Arnott R G D,Macquarrie K,Aagaard T.The effect of wind gusts,moisture content and fetch length on sand transport on a beach[J].Geomorphology,2005,68(1/2):115-129.
[4] Barchyn T E,Hugenholtz C H.Winter variability of aeolian sediment transport threshold on a cold-climate dune[J].Geomorphology,2012,177/178(12):38-50.
[5] Wang L,Shi Z H,Wu G L,et al.Freeze/thaw and soil moisture effects on wind erosion[J].Geomorphology,2014,207(3):141-148.
[6] 闫德仁,姚洪林,胡小龙.流动沙丘不同部位风蚀积沙特征研究[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(4):288-292.
[7] 宗玉梅,俎瑞平,王睿,等.库布齐沙漠含水率对风沙运动影响的风洞模拟[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):61-66.
[8] 董治宝,钱广强.关于土壤水分对风蚀起动风速影响研究的现状与问题[J].土壤学报,2007,44(5):934-942.
[9] Ravi S,Zobeck T M,Over T M,et al.On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(3):597-609.
[10] 董治宝,陈渭南.植被对风沙土风蚀作用的影响[J].环境科学学报,1996,16(4):437-443.
[11] 张春来,邹学勇,董光荣,等.植被对土壤风蚀影响的风洞实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(3):31-33.
[12] 邹学勇,张春来,程宏,等.土壤风蚀模型中的影响因子分类与表达[J].地球科学进展,2014,29(8):875-889.
[13] 张正偲,董治宝,赵爱国.2006年春季天气背景下腾格里沙漠近地面气象要素与输沙通量的变化趋势[J].科学通报,2008,53(16):1953-1960.
[14] Zhang Z C,Dong Z B,Wu G.Field observations of sand transport over the crest of a transverse dune in northwestern China Tengger Desert[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2017,166:67-75.
[15] 张正偲,董治宝,赵爱国.2006年春季天气背景下腾格里沙漠近地面气象要素与输沙通量的变化趋势[J].科学通报,2008,53(16):1953-1960.
[16] Dong Z B, Lv Ping,Zhang Z C,et al.Aeolian transport over a developing transverse dune[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(3):243-254.
[17] Zhang Z C,Dong Z B,Qian Guangqiang.Field observations of the vertical distribution of sand transport characteristics over fine,medium and coarse sand surfaces[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2016,42:889-902
[18] Lancaster N.Dunes of the Gran Desiter to sand sea,Sonora,Mexico[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1987,12:277-288.
[19] 韩福贵,仲生年,常兆丰.民勤沙区沙丘的基本特征及其移动规律研究[J].防护林科技,2005,66(3):4-7.
[20] Tsoar H,Dan G B,Stoler Y.Elongation and migration of sand dunes[J].Geomorphology,2004,57(3):293-302.
[21] 董治宝,陈广庭,颜长珍,等.塔里木沙漠石油公路沿线沙丘移动规律[J].中国沙漠,1998,18(4):328-333.
[22] 何京丽,郭建英,邢恩德,等.黄河乌兰布和沙漠段沿岸风沙流结构与沙丘移动规律[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(17):71-77.
[23] 陈新闯,郭建英,董智,等.乌兰布和沙漠流动沙丘下风向降尘粒度特征[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(2):295-301.
[24] Levin N,Kidron G J,Ben-Dor E.The spatial and temporal variability of sand erosion across a stabilizing coastal dune field[J].Sedimentology,2006,53(4):697-715.
[25] Arens S M,Slings Q,Vries C N D.Mobility of a remobilised parabolic dune in Kennemerland,The Netherlands[J].Geomorphology,2004,59(1/2/3/4):175-188.
[26] Hugenholtz C H,Wolfe S A,Walker I J,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of aeolian sediment transport on an inland parabolic dune,Bigstick Sand Hills,Saskatchewan,Canada[J].Geomorphology,2009,105(1/2):158-170.
[27] 陶彬彬,哈斯额尔敦,乌格特茉勒,等.库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风速与输沙率的变异[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1445-1452.
[28] 钱广强,董治宝,罗万银,等.横向沙丘气流平均速度变化规律的风洞模拟[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(01):10-17.
[29] Dong Z B,Liu X P,Wang X M.Wind initiation thresholds of the moistened sands[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(12):25-31.