生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对4种荒漠植物种子萌发的交互影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2014.00021

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 生物土壤结皮能直接或间接地影响维管植物种子萌发与群落建成，种子本身的生物学特征（如种子附属物等）对萌发也存在一定影响。本研究选取古尔班通古特沙漠4种常见的具有不同形态附属物的藜科植物（梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron ）、粗枝猪毛菜（Salsola subcrassa ）、心叶驼绒藜（Ceratoides ewersmanniana ）和角果藜（Ceratocarpus arenarius ））种子，设置苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和裸沙3种土壤基质，通过去除或保留种子附属物，对比研究了生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：粗枝猪毛菜和梭梭的苞片显著抑制了种子萌发（p <0.05），心叶驼绒藜的柔毛和角果藜的刺状附属物对种子萌发没有显著影响（p >0.05）。与裸沙相比，苔藓结皮显著抑制了4种植物种子的萌发（p <0.05），地衣结皮显著抑制了粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发（p <0.01），而对其他3种植物种子的萌发无显著影响（p >0.05）。同时，附属物与结皮对粗枝猪毛菜种子的萌发还具有交互作用，表现为显著抑制种子萌发（p <0.01）。可见，生物土壤结皮对具有不同附属物的荒漠植物种子萌发具有不同的影响，进而造成维管植物种子萌发的空间异质性，影响维管植物分布和多样性。

关键词: 生物土壤结皮, 附属物, 种子萌发, 荒漠植物, 古尔班通古特沙漠

Abstract: Biological soil crusts (BSCs) have been found in deserts all over the world and may constitute as high as 70% of the living cover in some plant communities. BSCs can directly or indirectly influence seed germination and establishment of vascular plants,and seeds biological characteristics (such as seed appendages) also play an important role on seed germination.However, the interactive effects of BSCs and seed appendages on seed germination are poorly understand.In this study, our objective was to know more about BSCs-seed appendages interaction on seed germination of dominant vascular plants in the Gurbantunggut Desert of western China.We chose four typical, widely distributed Chenopodiaceous species (Haloxylon ammodendron,Salsola subcrassa, Ceratoides ewersmanniana and Ceratocarpus arenarius) which owned different seed appendages. Seeds belonged to two treatments (appendages were removed and remained) were sown at the surface of three matrices (moss crusts, lichen crusts, bare sand) and their emergence was observed. Final germination results showed that seed's bracts appendages of H. ammodendron and S. subcrassa significantly inhibited germination rate.Hair appendages of C. ewersmanniana and spine appendages of C. arenarius had no significant effects on seed germination. Moss crusts should be noted because they significantly inhibited seed germination of all species. Although lichen crusts significantly inhibited seed germination of S. subcrassa, they had no obvious effect on the rest three species. Among the four species,the seed germination of S. subcrassa was significantly inhibited due to the BSCs-seeds appendages interaction.Hence, BSCs have different effects on seed germination of desert plants that with different appendages, resulting in the spatial heterogeneity of seed germination of vascular plants, and affect the distribution and diversity of vascular plants.

Key words: biological soil crust, appendage, seed germination, desert plants, Gurbantunggut Desert

中图分类号:

S330.2

李国栋, 张元明. 生物土壤结皮与种子附属物对4种荒漠植物种子萌发的交互影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2014, 34(3): 725-731.

Li Guodong, Zhang Yuanming. Interactive Effects of Biological Soil Crusts and Seed Appendages on Seed Germination of Four Desert Species[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2014, 34(3): 725-731.

参考文献

[1] Nash T H,White S L,Marsh J.Lichen and moss distribution and biomass in hot desert ecosystems[J].Bryologist,1977,80(3):470-479.
[2] Loria M,Noymeir I.Dynamics of some annual populations in a desert loess plain[J].Israel Journal of Botany,1980,28(3/4):211-225.
[3] Belnap J,Lange O L.Biological soil crusts:Structure,function,and management[M].New York,USA:Ecological Studies,2001.
[4] Belnap J,Harper K T,Warren S D.Surface disturbance of cryptobiotic soil crusts-nitrogenase activity,chlorophyll content,and chlorophyll degradation[J].Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation,1994,8(1):1-8.
[5] Zaady E,Gutterman Y,Boeken B.The germination of mucilaginous seeds of Plantago coronopus,Reboudia pinnata,and Carrichtera annua on cyanobacterial soil crust from the Negev Desert[J].Plant and Soil,1997,190(2):247-252.
[6] Belnap J.Biological soil crusts in deserts:A short review of their role in soil fertility,stabilization,and water relation[J].Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement,2003,148:113-126.
[7] Zamfir M.Effects of bryophytes and lichens on seedling emergence of alvar plants:evidence from greenhouse experiments[J].Oikos,2000,88(3):603-611.
[8] Hawkes C V.Nitrogen cycling mediated by biological soil crusts and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi[J].Ecology,2003,84(6):1553-1562.
[9] Hawkes C V.Effects of biological soil crusts on seed germination of four endangered herbs in a xeric Florida shrubland during drought[J].Plant Ecology,2004,170(1):121-134.
[10] Li X R,Jia X H,Long L Q,et al.Effects of biological soil crusts on seed bank,germination and establishment of two annual plant species in the Tengger Desert (N China)[J].Plant and Soil,2005,277(1/2):375-385.
[11] Keizer P J,Vantooren B F,During H J.Effects of bryophytes on seedling emergence and establishment of short-lived forbs in Chalk Grassland[J].Journal of Ecology,1985,73(2):493-504.
[12] Jakobsson A,Eriksson O.A comparative study of seed number,seed size,seedling size and recruitment in grassland plants[J].Oikos,2000,88(3):494-502.
[13] Prasse R,Bornkamm R.Effect of microbiotic soil surface crusts on emergence of vascular plants[J].Plant Ecology,2000,150(1/2):65-75.
[14] Koefender J,Menezes N L,Buriol G A,et al.Influence of temperature and light on the germination of marigold seed[J].Horticultura Brasileira,2009,27(2):207-210.
[15] Wang M T,Lu N N,Zhao Z G.Effects of temperature and storage length on seed germination and the effects of light conditions on seedling establishment with respect to seed size in Ligularia virgaurea[J].Plant Species Biology,2009,24(2):120-126.
[16] 王海珍,韩路,贾文锁.胡杨(Populus euphraticu)与灰胡杨(Populus pruinosa)种子萌发对不同盐类胁迫的响应[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(3):743-750.
[17] 周志彬,张元明,Nowak R S,等.温度和光照对3种雀麦属(Bromus)植物种子萌发的影响[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(4):1048-1053.
[18] Eriksson O.Seed size variation and its effect on germination and seedling performance in the clonal herb Convallaria majalis[J].Acta Oecologica,1999,20(1):61-66.
[19] Howe H F,Smallwood J.Ecology of seed dispersal[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic,1982,13:201-228.
[20] Osman A,Ghassali F.Effects of storage conditions and presence of fruiting bracts on the germination of Atriplex halimus and Salsola vermiculata[J].Experimental Agriculture,1997,33(2):149-155.
[21] Aiazzi M,Arguello J.Dormancy and germination studies on dispersal units of Atriplex cordobensis[J].Seed Science and Technology,1992,20(3):401-407.
[22] Martins V F,Guimaraes P R,Da Silva R R,et al.Secondary seed dispersal by ants of Ricinus communis(Euphorbiaceae) in the Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil:Influence on seed germination[J].Sociobiology,2006,47(1):265-274.
[23] 魏岩,王习勇.果翅对梭梭属(Haloxylon)种子萌发行为的调控[J].生态学报,2006,26(12):4014-4018.
[24] Ahring R M,Eastin J D,Garrison C S.Seed appendages and germination of 2 asiatic bluestems[J].Agronomy Journal,1975,67(3):321-325.
[25] Thompson K.Genome size,seed size and germination temperature in herbaceous angiosperms[J].Evolutionary Trends in Plants,1990,4(2):113-116.
[26] 张立运,陈昌笃.论古尔班通古特沙漠植物多样性的一般特点[J].生态学报,2002,22(11):1923-1932.
[27] 刘会良,宋明方,段世民,等.古尔班通古特沙漠及周缘52种植物种子的萌发特性与生态意义[J].生态学报,2011,31(15):4308-4431.
[28] 张元明,潘惠霞,潘伯荣,等.古尔班通古特沙漠不同地貌部位生物结皮的选择性分布[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(4):61-64.
[29] 陶冶,张元明.3种荒漠植物群落物种组成与丰富度的季节变化及地上生物量特征[J].草业学报,2011,20(6):1-11.
[30] Liu H L,Tao Y,Qiu D,et al.Effects of artificial sand fixing on community characteristics of a rare desert shrub[J].Conservation Biology,2013,27(5):1011-1019.
[31] Tao Y,Zhang Y M,Downing A.Similarity and difference in vegetation structure of three desert shrub communities under the same temperate climate but with different microhabitats[J].Botanical Studies,2013,54:59-62.
[32] 聂华丽,张元明,吴楠,等.生物结皮对5种不同形态的荒漠植物种子萌发的影响[J].植物生态学报,2009,33(1):75-86.
[33] Briggs A L,Morgan J W.Seed characteristics and soil surface patch type interact to affect germination of semi-arid woodland species[J].Plant Ecology,2011,212(1):91-103.
[34] 王雪芹,王涛,蒋进,等.古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙面稳定性研究[J].中国科学D辑,2004,34(8):763-768.
[35] Zhang Y M,Wu N,Zhang B C,et al.Species composition, distribution patterns and ecological functions of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert[J].Journal of Arid Land,2010,2(3):180-189.
[36] 苏延桂,李新荣,黄刚,等.实验室条件下两种生物土壤结皮对荒漠植物种子萌发的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(5):1845-1851.
[37] Belnap J.Nitrogen fixation in biological soil crusts from southeast Utah,USA[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2002,35(2):128-135.
[38] 马骥,李俊祯,孔红.我国沙区6种蒿属植物的种子微形态特征[J].中国沙漠,2002,22(6):586-590.