放牧对浑善达克沙地丘间低地植被群落及土壤的影响

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00095

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为探究放牧对丘间低地植被群落及土壤的影响，分析了浑善达克沙地丘间低地在重度和轻度放牧下植被的地上生物量、物种重要值、物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson生态优势度指数及0~10 cm土壤中黏粒、粉粒、砂粒、有机碳和全氮含量。结果表明：（1）植被地上生物量、土壤黏粒、粉粒、砂粒、土壤有机碳和全氮含量在不同放牧程度下存在极显著差异（P<0.01），物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在不同放牧程度下差异不显著（P>0.05），Simpson生态优势度指数在不同放牧程度下差异显著（P<0.05）。（2）放牧区植被以禾本科为主，禾本科植被地上生物量占整个植被群落的54.88%~57.76%；重度放牧区植被地上生物量为63.59 g·m^-2，比轻度放牧区低26.61%。（3）羊草（Leymus chinensis）和狗尾草（Setaria viridis）是放牧区的优势种，其重要值依次为14.16%（重度放牧区）和19.10%（轻度放牧区）、13.40%（重度放牧区）和15.42%（轻度放牧区），重度放牧下雾滨藜（Bassia dasyphylla）、克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii）和猪毛蒿（Artemisia scoparia）的重要值较显著高于轻度放牧区，而羊草则低于轻度放牧区。（4）重度放牧加剧了土壤沙漠化，使砂粒含量增加，草地生产力下降，土壤有机碳和全氮含量降低。

关键词: 放牧, 丘间低地, 植被群落, 土壤, 浑善达克沙地

Abstract: To explore the effects of grazing on the vegetation communities and soils in the lowland. This study analyzed the above-ground biomass, important value of species,vegetation dominance, species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index, Simpson ecological dominance index, 0-10cm soil clay, soil silt, soil sand, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the lowland between the Hunshandake Sandy Land. The results showed that:(1)above-ground biomass, soil clay, soil silt, soil sand, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content were significantly different under different grazing levels (P<0.01), The difference of species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou evenness index were not significant at different grazing levels (P>0.05), and the Simpson ecological dominance index was significantly different under different grazing levels (P<0.05). (2)The grazing area was dominated by Gramineae,the above-ground biomass of Gramineae vegetation accounts for 54.88%-57.76% of the whole vegetation community; the above-ground biomass of heavy grazing area was 63.59 g·m^-2, which was 26.61% lower than the light grazing area. (3)Leymus chinensis and Setaria viridis were the dominant species in grazing areas, with important values corresponding to 14.16% (heavy grazing areas) and 19.10% (light grazing areas), 13.40% (severe grazing areas) and 15.42% (light grazing areas). The important values of heavy grazing under the Bassia dasyphylla、Stipa krylovii and Artemisia scoparia were significantly higher than those of light grazing, while L. chinensis was lower than the light grazing area. (4)Heavy grazing exacerbated soil desertification, increased sand content, decreased grassland productivity, and decreased soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content.

Key words: grazing, lowland, vegetation community, soil, Hunshandake Sandy Land

中图分类号:

S812

詹瑾, 李玉霖, 韩丹, 杨红玲. 放牧对浑善达克沙地丘间低地植被群落及土壤的影响[J]. 中国沙漠, 2019, 39(6): 184-191.

Zhan Jin, Li Yulin, Han Dan, Yang Hongling. Effect of Grazing on Vegetation Community and Soil of Lowland in the Hunshandake Sandy Land[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2019, 39(6): 184-191.

参考文献

[1] 张乐,刘志民.丘间低地生态过程研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(7):1101-1106.
[2] Grootjans A P,Ernst W H O,Stuyfzand P J.European dune slacks:strong interactions of biology,pedogenesis and hydrology[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13(3):96-100.
[3] Smith S M,Hanley M,Killingbeck K T.Development of vegetation in dune slack wetlands of Cape Cod National Seashore (Massachusetts,USA)[J].Plant Ecology,2008,194:243-256.
[4] Bossuyt B,Honnay O,Hermy M.An island biogeographical view of the successional pathway in Wet Dune Slacks[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2003,14(6):781-788.
[5] 白永飞,李德新,许志信,等.牧压梯度对克氏针茅生长和繁殖的影响[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):479-484.
[6] 丁海君,韩国栋,王忠武,等.短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率对植物群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(2):55-60.
[7] 侯扶江,常生华,于应文,等.放牧家畜的践踏作用研究评述[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):784-789.
[8] 王德利,王岭.草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展[J].草地学报,2011,19(4):699-704.
[9] 蒯晓妍,邢鹏飞,张晓琳,等.短期放牧强度对半干旱草地植物群落多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2018,26(6):1283-1289.
[10] 马骏骥,李钢铁,刘慧,等.放牧方式对浑善达克沙地东缘草地植被特征影响[J].内蒙古林业科技,2016,42(2):30-34.
[11] 赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会.我国北方农牧交错带沙漠化的成因、过程和防治对策[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(增刊1):23-29.
[12] 王涛,赵哈林,肖洪浪.中国沙漠化研究的进展[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(4):3-15.
[13] 牛钰杰,杨思维,王贵珍,等.放牧强度对高寒草甸土壤理化性状和植物功能群的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(14):5006-5016.
[14] 刘娜,白可喻,杨云卉,等.放牧对内蒙古荒漠草原草地植被及土壤养分的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(6):1323-1331.
[15] 周国利,程云湘,马青青,等.牦牛放牧强度对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落结构与土壤理化性质的影响[J].草业科学,2019,36(4):1022-1031+918.
[16] Pucheta E,Bonamici I,Cabido M.Below-ground biomass and productivity of grazed site and a neighbouring ungrazedexclosure in a grassland in central Argentina[J]. Austral Ecology,2010,29(2):201-208.
[17] Conant R T,Paustlan K.Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystems[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2002,16(4):1143.
[18] 刘冠志.浑善达克沙地黄柳异速生长与生态适应性研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2017.
[19] 刘振,董智,李红丽,等.浑善达克沙地榆树疏林幼苗更新空间格局[J].生态学报,2013,33(1):294-301.
[20] 高宁宁,陈俊,张鹏莉,等.放牧对西藏高寒嵩草草甸地上生物量空间分布的影响[J].草地学报,2014,22(2):255-260.
[21] 李凤霞,李晓东,周秉荣,等.放牧强度对三江源典型高寒草甸生物量和土壤理化特征的影响[J].草业科学,2015,32(1):11-18.
[22] 高永恒,陈槐,罗鹏,等.放牧强度对川西北高寒草甸植物生物量及其分配的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2008,24(3):26-32.
[23] 方楷,宋乃平,魏乐,等.不同放牧制度对荒漠草原地上生物量及种间关系的影响[J].草业学报,2012,21(5):12-22.
[24] 刘晓媛.放牧方式对草地植被多样性与稳定性关系的影响[D].长春:东北师范大学,2013.
[25] 赵丽娅,钟韩珊,赵美玉,等.围封和放牧对科尔沁沙地群落物种多样性与地上生物量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(10):1783-1790.
[26] 王合云.不同放牧强度对短花针茅荒漠草原植物群落及土壤的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2016.
[27] 汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等.不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响[J].植物学报,2001,45(1):89-96.
[28] Zhou H,Tang Y,Zhao X.Long-term grazing alters species composition and biomass of a shrub meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Pakistan Journal of Botany,2006,38(4):1055-1069.
[29] 王忠武.载畜率对短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统稳定性的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[30] 张成霞.放牧对陇东黄土高原天然草地土壤理化特性及微生物的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2008.
[31] 赵哈林,李玉强,周瑞莲,等.内蒙古东部两大沙地土壤理化特性沙漠化演变规律的比较[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(7):779-786.
[32] 林丽,张德罡,曹广民,等.放牧强度对高寒嵩草草甸土壤养分特性的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4664-4671.