农田风蚀量随风速的变化

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2014.00134

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用长期野外观测和风洞模拟实验相结合的手段就农田风蚀量随风速的变化问题进行研究。结果表明:无论是野外观测的农田输沙强度,还是风洞模拟得到的风蚀强度随风速变化趋势均符合指数函数。这与前人通过实验得到的其他地区农田和草地风蚀量随风速变化的趋势一致,说明农田和草地上风蚀量随风速增加呈指数规律变化是一种普遍存在的现象。表土抗蚀性因子和地表粗糙因子不同导致的沙源供应能力的差异,可能是不同地类之间风蚀量随风速变化规律不同的主要原因。农田和草地沙源供应有限,风蚀量随风速增大呈指数规律变化;沙漠地区沙源充足,风蚀量随风速增加呈幂函数变化。本研究对于确定沙源供应条件对于风蚀量与风速关系的影响,构建基于有限沙源供应的风蚀模型具有重要意义。

关键词: 风蚀量, 风速, 有限沙源供应, 指数函数

Abstract:

The relation between soil loss by wind erosion and wind velocity in farmland was studied in the paper by long-term field observation and wind tunnel simulation. The results showed that the sand transport rate and wind erosion intensity both followed the exponential function with wind velocity increasing, which was the same with that getting in farmland and grassland by others using indoor wind tunnel simulation or situ testing of field wind tunnel, but it followed the power function in desert. Therefore, it was a common phenomenon that the soil loss by wind erosion followed the exponential function with wind velocity increasing in farmland and grassland and it followed the power function in desert. The difference in sand supply ability among different land types caused by the difference in erosion resisting factors of topsoil and surface roughness factors may be the main reason that led to the difference in changing laws of soil loss by wind erosion with wind velocity among the farmland, grassland and desert. It possibly reflected the case of sand supply limitation that the variation of wind erosion amount with wind velocity followed the exponential function in farmland and grassland, and it may reflect the case of sand supply unlimited that the variation of wind erosion amount with wind velocity followed the power function in desert.

Key words: wind erosion, wind velocity, sand supply limitation, exponential function

中图分类号:

X169

王仁德, 肖登攀, 常春平, 郭中领. 农田风蚀量随风速的变化[J]. 中国沙漠, 2015, 35(5): 1120-1127.

Wang Rende, Xiao Dengpan, Chang Chunping, Guo Zhongling. Relation between Wind Erosion Amount and Wind Velocity in Farmland[J]. JOURNAL OF DESERT RESEARCH, 2015, 35(5): 1120-1127.

参考文献

[1] 董治宝.中国风沙物理研究五十年(Ι) [J].中国沙漠,2005,25(3):293-305.
[2] Anderson R S,Hallet B.Sediment transport by wind:toward a general model[J].Bulletin of Geology Society of America,1986,97:523-535.
[3] Bagnold R A.The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dune[M].London,UK:Methuen,1941.
[4] Owens P R.The saltation of uniform sand in air[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1964,20:225-242.
[5] Sorensen M.A analytic model of wind-blown sand transport[J].Acta Mechanica,1991,1:67-82.
[6] Leatherman S P.Short communication:new aeolian sand trap design[J].Sedimentology,1978,25:303-306.
[7] Fryberger S G,Al-Ssri A M,Clisham T J,et al.Wind sedimentation in the Jafurah Sand Sea,Saudi Arabia[J].Sedimentology,1984,37:23-43.
[8] Ssrre R D.Evaluation of aeolian sand transport equations using intertidal zone measurements,Saunton Sands,England[J].Sedimentology,1988,35:671-679.
[9] 吴正.风沙地貌与治沙工程学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,72.
[10] 王训明,董治宝,陈广庭.塔克拉玛干沙漠中部部分地区风沙环境特征[J].中国沙漠,2001,21(1):56-61.
[11] 张胜邦,董旭,刘玉章,等.柴达木盆地东南部土壤风蚀研究[J].中国沙漠,1999,19(3):293-295.
[12] 孙悦超,麻硕士,陈智,等.阴山北麓干旱半干旱区地表土壤风蚀测试与分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23:1-5.
[13] 杨秀春,严平,刘连友,等.农牧交错带不同农田耕作模式土壤风蚀的风洞模拟研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):737-743.
[14] 董治宝,陈广庭.内蒙古后山地区土壤风蚀问题初论[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1997,3(2):84-90.
[15] Lopez M V.Wind erosion in agricultural soils:an example of limited supply of particles available for erosion[J].Catena,1998,33:17-28.
[16] Gillette D A,Ono D.Expressing sand supply limitation using a modified Owen saltation equation[J].Earth Surf.Processes Landforms,2008,33:1806-1813.
[17] Nickling W G,McKenna Neuman C.Aeolian sediment transport[M]//Parsons A,Abrahams A D. Geomorphology of Desert Environments Part VII. New York,USA:Springer,2009,517-555.
[18] Matthew C B,Zobeck T M,Scott V P,et al.Dust emissions from undisturbed and disturbed,crusted playa surfaces:cattle trampling effects[J].Aeolian Research,2011,3:31-41.
[19] Tan L H,Zhang W M,Qu J J,et al.Aeolian sand transport over gobi with different gravel coverages under limited sand supply:a mobile wind tunnel investigation[J].Aeolian Research,2013,11:67-74.
[20] Gillette D A,Niemeyer T C,Helm P J.Supply-limited horizontal sand drift at an ephemerally crusted,unvegetated saline playa[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,10:18085-18098.
[21] Liu L Y,Shi P J,Zou X Y,et al.Short-term dynamics of wind erosion of three newly cultivated grassland soils in Northern China[J].Geoderma,2003,115:55-64.
[22] 张春来,董光荣,董治宝,等.用风洞实验方法计算土壤风蚀量的时距问题[J].中国沙漠,1996,16(2):200-203.
[23] Fryrear D W.Soil ridges-clods and wind erosion[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1984,27:445-448.
[24] Nickling W G,Gillies J A.Emission of fine-grained particulates from desert soils[M]//Leinen M,Sarnthein M.Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology:Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport.Dordrecht,Netherland:Kluwer Academic Publishers,1989:133-165.
[25] Leys J F,Raupach M R.Soil flux measurements using a portable wind erosion tunnel[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1991,29:533-552.
[26] Leys J,Koen T,McTainsh G.The effect of dry aggregation and percentage clay on sediment flux as measured by a portable field wind tunnel[J].Australian Journal of Soil Research,1996,34:849-861.
[27] 王训明,董治宝.起沙风统计和工程输沙量计算中的若干问题[J].干旱区资源与环境,2000,14(3):41-45.
[28] 荣姣凤,张海涛,毛宁.土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究[J].干旱区农业研究,2004,22(2):149-153.
[29] 王仁德,邹学勇,赵婧妍.半湿润区农田土壤风蚀的风洞模拟研究[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(3):640-646.
[30] 朱朝云,丁国栋,杨明远.风沙物理学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[31] Zhou Y H,Guo X,Zheng X J.Experimental measurement of wind-sand flux and sand transport for naturally mixed sands[J].Physical Review E,2002,66:021305.
[32] 李振山,倪晋仁.挟沙气流输沙率研究[J].泥沙研究,2001(1):1-10.
[33] 贺大良.输沙量与风速关系的几个问题[J].中国沙漠,1993,13(2):14-18.
[34] Chepil W S.Dynamics of wind erosion:I.Nature of movement of soil by wind[J].Soil Science,1945,60:305-320.
[35] Gillette D A,Chen W N.Particle production and aeolian transport from a "supply limited" source area in the Chihuahuan desert,New Mexico,United States[J].Journal of Grophysical Research,2001,106:5267-5278.
[36] Fryrear D W,Salrh A,Bilbro J D,et al.Field tested wind erosion model[C]//Allision B B E,von Oppen M.Proceedings of International Symposium Wind Erosion in West Africa:The Problem and Its Control.Margraft Verlag,Weikersheim,Germany,1994:343-355.
[37] Hagen L J.A wind erosion prediction system to meet the users need[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991,46:107-111.
[38] 高尚玉,张春来,邹学勇,等.京津风沙源治理工程效益[J].北京:科学出版社,2008:63-65.