黄河内蒙古段土壤风蚀特征模拟

doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2019.00089

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采集黄河内蒙古段风沙土、灰漠土、棕钙土和灌淤土，在室内进行土壤理化性质测定和风洞模拟试验。对比分析了4种土壤的理化性质和不同风速及含水量条件下的风蚀特征，并量化了不同土壤的风蚀强度与土壤理化性质间关系。结果表明：（1）相对于棕钙土和灌淤土，风沙土和灰漠土易蚀性颗粒含量较大，团聚体、有机质和碳酸钙含量较低，但相同风速和含水量条件下平均风蚀强度风沙土>棕钙土>灰漠土>灌淤土。（2）不同土壤风蚀强度与风速均呈较好的幂函数关系（R²≥0.85，P<0.05），尤其是风沙土和棕钙土，幂函数关系明显优于指数函数。（3）除灰漠土，土壤风蚀强度与土壤含水量均呈较好指数函数关系（R²>0.90，P<0.05），风沙土和灰漠土的风蚀强度突降的含水量临界点在4.5%左右，灌淤土和棕钙土无明显临界点。（4）不同土壤输沙率均随距地表高度的增加而急剧减少。在距地表10 cm范围内，不同土壤输沙率占总输沙率比例风沙土（82.67%）>灰漠土（80.77%）>灌淤土（74.07%）>棕钙土（73.77%），当距地表大于30 cm后，集沙仪中基本收集不到风沙土和灰漠土风蚀颗粒。当轴心风速为16 m·s^-1时，不同土壤风沙流结构均表现为单峰曲线。（5）不同土壤风蚀强度与风速、含水量、团聚体、易蚀性颗粒和黏粒含量均呈较强的非线性相关关系（R²=0.76，P<0.05）。易蚀性颗粒含量是影响风蚀强度最主要的土壤属性，其次是干团聚体和黏粒含量。

关键词: 风蚀强度, 含水量, 风速, 风沙流结构

Abstract:

In order to study the wind erosion characteristics of different textures soil, the aeolian sandy soil and gray desert soil, brown calcium soil and irrigation soil were investigated and collect in the fields. Soil physical properties and wind tunnel simulation were tested in the laboratory. The wind erosion intensity and drifting sand flux of four kinds of soil under the condition of different wind speed and soil moisture content were analyzed. The relationship between wind erosion intensity and soil physical and chemical properties was also quantified. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the brown calcium soil and the irrigated soil, the content of erodibility particles in the aeolian sandy soil and the grey desert soil was larger, and the content of aggregates, organic matter and calcium carbonate was smaller. However, the relationship of average wind erosion intensity under the same wind speed and water content was: the aeolian sandy soil> brown calcium soil > grey desert soil > irrigated soil. (2) Different soil wind erosion intensity and wind speed showed a good power function relationship (R²≥0.85, P< 0.05), especially for aeolian sandy soil and brown calcium soil, the power function relationship was significantly better than the exponential function. (3) In addition to grey desert soil, the average wind erosion intensity of soil showed a good exponential function relationship with the increase of soil water content ((R² > 0.90, P< 0.05). The critical point of water content of wind erosion intensity of aeolian sandy soil and grey desert soil was about 4.5%, while compared with sandy loam, irrigated soil and brown calcium soil had no obvious critical point. (4) Sediment transport rates of different soils all decrease sharply with the increase of height from the surface. Within a distance of 10 cm from the surface, the size of different soil sediment transport rates in the total sediment transport rate was: aeolian sandy soil (82.67%)> grey desert soil (80.77%) > irrigated soil (74.07%)> brown calcium soil (73.77%). When the distance from the surface was greater than 30 cm, wind-eroded particles are basically not collected in the wind-blown sand soil and grey desert soil sand collector. When the axial wind speed is 16 m/s, the structures of different soil sand-wind flows all show a single peak curve. (5) Different soil wind erosion intensity has a strong non-linear correlation with wind speed, water content, aggregates, erodibility particles and clay content (R²=0.76, P<0.05). The content of erodible particles is the most important soil property, followed by dry aggregates and clay particles.

Key words: wind erosion intensity, soil moisture content, wind velocity, drifting sand flux

中图分类号:

S157.1

孙宝洋, 周蕊, 王喆, 肖俊波, 马建业, 李朝栋, 马波. 黄河内蒙古段土壤风蚀特征模拟[J]. 中国沙漠, 2020, 40(4): 120-127.

Baoyang Sun, Rui Zhou, Zhe Wang, Junbo Xiao, Jianye Ma, Chaodong Li, Bo Ma. The simulation study of wind erosion characteristics of different soils in Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2020, 40(4): 120-127.

图/表 12

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试验土样	行政区位置	地理坐标	土壤颗粒含量/%
试验土样	行政区位置	地理坐标	黏粒(<0.002 mm）	粉粒（0.02~0.002 mm）	砂粒（2~0.02 mm）
灌淤土	巴彦淖尔市	40°54′21″N,107°40′47″E	18.18±0.56	27.68±1.23	54.14±1.78
棕钙土	磴口县	40°13′43″N,107°16′42″E	19.17±1.02	36.04±1.56	44.79±0.49
灰漠土	磴口县	40°06′17″N,106°49′46″E	10.09±0.89	10.08±0.97	79.83±1.95
风沙土	达拉特旗	39°58′12″N,110°31′17″E	11.14±0.77	14.84±1.03	74.02±1.54

试验土样	行政区位置	地理坐标	土壤颗粒含量/%
试验土样	行政区位置	地理坐标	黏粒(<0.002 mm）	粉粒（0.02~0.002 mm）	砂粒（2~0.02 mm）
灌淤土	巴彦淖尔市	40°54′21″N,107°40′47″E	18.18±0.56	27.68±1.23	54.14±1.78
棕钙土	磴口县	40°13′43″N,107°16′42″E	19.17±1.02	36.04±1.56	44.79±0.49
灰漠土	磴口县	40°06′17″N,106°49′46″E	10.09±0.89	10.08±0.97	79.83±1.95
风沙土	达拉特旗	39°58′12″N,110°31′17″E	11.14±0.77	14.84±1.03	74.02±1.54

试验土样	风速/(m·s^-1)
试验土样	6	8	10	12	14	16
灌淤土	—	3.24±0.06	4.73±0.24	5.78±0.15	7.76±0.04	9.05±0.11
棕钙土	—	3.23±0.18	4.38±0.11	6.32±0.20	7.65±0.21	9.26±0.29
灰漠土	1.37±0.22	3.09±0.11	4.27±0.13	6.16±0.16	7.09±0.18	9.17±0.35
风沙土	1.75±0.17	2.83±0.32	4.64±0.29	5.92±0.04	7.31±0.30	8.84±0.44
平均	1.5	3.0	4.5	6.0	7.5	9.0

试验土样	风速/(m·s^-1)
试验土样	6	8	10	12	14	16
灌淤土	—	3.24±0.06	4.73±0.24	5.78±0.15	7.76±0.04	9.05±0.11
棕钙土	—	3.23±0.18	4.38±0.11	6.32±0.20	7.65±0.21	9.26±0.29
灰漠土	1.37±0.22	3.09±0.11	4.27±0.13	6.16±0.16	7.09±0.18	9.17±0.35
风沙土	1.75±0.17	2.83±0.32	4.64±0.29	5.92±0.04	7.31±0.30	8.84±0.44
平均	1.5	3.0	4.5	6.0	7.5	9.0

试验土样	易蚀性颗粒（0.4~0.075 mm）/%	有机质 /(g·kg^-1)	干团聚体（>0.4 mm）/%	碳酸钙 /%	风蚀强度 /(g·m^-2·h^-1)
灌淤土	25.39±2.39^a	8.11±0.75^a	30.10±1.02^a	9.45±0.38^a	240.91±29.8^a
棕钙土	25.52±3.01^a	5.15±0.22^b	23.91±2.57^b	11.23±1.05^b	453.74±42.5^b
灰漠土	52.60±4.38^b	2.83±0.31^c	19.57±4.10^c	7.15±0.89^c	369.24±84.2^c
风沙土	61.21±2.17^c	3.26±0.18^c	14.05±2.41^d	6.30±0.51^c	706.96±156.7^d