中国沙漠 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4): 308-320.DOI: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2026.00011
收稿日期:2025-10-27
修回日期:2026-01-30
出版日期:2026-07-20
发布日期:2026-08-27
通讯作者:
史明昌
作者简介:宁洁(2000—),女,内蒙古呼和浩特人,硕士研究生,主要从事水土保持与荒漠化防治研究。E-mail: NingJie0725@bjfu.edu.cn
Jie Ning(
), Mingchang Shi(
), Chunyang Chen, Yanwei Zhang
Received:2025-10-27
Revised:2026-01-30
Online:2026-07-20
Published:2026-08-27
Contact:
Mingchang Shi
摘要:
青藏高原土壤风蚀过程对区域及全球生态环境具有重要影响。本研究基于2019—2023年多源遥感与气象数据,采用修正风蚀方程(RWEQ)模型与HYSPLIT大气扩散模型量化土壤风蚀强度并模拟防风固沙服务流动路径。结果表明:研究区潜在风蚀总量由2019年的7.326×1011 kg降至2023年的6.330×1011 kg,总体呈下降趋势;研究区实际风蚀总量2019年的3.211×1011 kg降至2023年的1.559×1011 kg,总体呈下降趋势;研究区防风固沙总量由2019年的4.115×1011 kg升至2023年的4.771×1011 kg,呈明显增加趋势。空间上,风蚀主要发生在藏北青南高原风蚀区。HYSPLIT模拟显示,2019—2023年3个代表性站点(青海湖、五道梁、帕里)的沙尘传输路径总数由1 535条减少至811条,风沙影响呈减弱趋势。
中图分类号:
宁洁, 史明昌, 陈春阳, 张晏维. 青藏高原土壤风蚀及防风固沙服务流动模拟[J]. 中国沙漠, 2026, 46(4): 308-320.
Jie Ning, Mingchang Shi, Chunyang Chen, Yanwei Zhang. Modeling of soil wind erosion and wind erosion control service flow in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2026, 46(4): 308-320.
| 土壤风蚀项目 | 参数 | 年份 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||
| 潜在风蚀量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 49.353 | 28.958 | 38.408 | 45.591 | 45.346 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.281 | 0.118 | 0.181 | 0.107 | 0.242 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 7.326 | 3.068 | 4.733 | 2.785 | 6.330 | |
| 实际风蚀量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 35.136 | 26.903 | 20.636 | 16.879 | 22.248 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.129 | 0.035 | 0.090 | 0.040 | 0.063 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 3.211 | 0.886 | 2.254 | 0.992 | 1.559 | |
| 防风固沙量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 49.185 | 26.379 | 38.270 | 45.443 | 45.290 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.152 | 0.084 | 0.091 | 0.067 | 0.179 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 4.115 | 2.182 | 2.479 | 1.793 | 4.771 | |
表1 2019—2023年潜在风蚀量、实际风蚀量、防风固沙量
Table 1 Statistics of potential soil loss, actual soil loss, and wind erosion control service from 2019 to 2023.
| 土壤风蚀项目 | 参数 | 年份 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | ||
| 潜在风蚀量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 49.353 | 28.958 | 38.408 | 45.591 | 45.346 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.281 | 0.118 | 0.181 | 0.107 | 0.242 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 7.326 | 3.068 | 4.733 | 2.785 | 6.330 | |
| 实际风蚀量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 35.136 | 26.903 | 20.636 | 16.879 | 22.248 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.129 | 0.035 | 0.090 | 0.040 | 0.063 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 3.211 | 0.886 | 2.254 | 0.992 | 1.559 | |
| 防风固沙量 | 最大值/(kg·m-2) | 49.185 | 26.379 | 38.270 | 45.443 | 45.290 |
| 最小值/(kg·m-2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 平均值/(kg·m-2) | 0.152 | 0.084 | 0.091 | 0.067 | 0.179 | |
| 总量/1011 kg | 4.115 | 2.182 | 2.479 | 1.793 | 4.771 | |
图3 监测站点防风固沙服务流动轨迹注:基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审定号GS2023(2767)标准地图制作,底图无修改。
Fig.3 Transport trajectories of the wind erosion control service from monitoring sites
| 年份 | 频率/% | 受益人口/亿 | 占全国比例/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 7.050 0.281 0.012 0.00014 0.00004 | 50.356 2.005 0.087 0.0011 0.0001 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.343 | 52.449 |
| 2020 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 4.988 0.376 0.133 0.013 0.001 | 35.33 2.665 0.940 0.089 0.010 |
| 总计 | 100 | 5.511 | 39.024 |
| 2021 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 6.983 0.377 0.023 0.002 0.000015 | 49.436 2.667 0.162 0.013 0.000001 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.385 | 52.278 |
| 2022 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 7.645 0.389 0.049 0.014 0.001 | 54.150 2.757 0.344 0.100 0.0034 |
| 总计 | 100 | 8.098 | 57.3544 |
| 2023 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 6.911 0.649 0.057 0.004 0.001 | 49.023 4.605 0.406 0.026 0.000059 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.622 | 54.060 |
表2 2019—2023年各频率内受益人口及占比
Table 2 Beneficiary population and proportion under different service scenarios from 2019 to 2023
| 年份 | 频率/% | 受益人口/亿 | 占全国比例/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 7.050 0.281 0.012 0.00014 0.00004 | 50.356 2.005 0.087 0.0011 0.0001 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.343 | 52.449 |
| 2020 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 4.988 0.376 0.133 0.013 0.001 | 35.33 2.665 0.940 0.089 0.010 |
| 总计 | 100 | 5.511 | 39.024 |
| 2021 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 6.983 0.377 0.023 0.002 0.000015 | 49.436 2.667 0.162 0.013 0.000001 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.385 | 52.278 |
| 2022 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 7.645 0.389 0.049 0.014 0.001 | 54.150 2.757 0.344 0.100 0.0034 |
| 总计 | 100 | 8.098 | 57.3544 |
| 2023 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 6.911 0.649 0.057 0.004 0.001 | 49.023 4.605 0.406 0.026 0.000059 |
| 总计 | 100 | 7.622 | 54.060 |
| 年份 | 频率/% | 类型 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耕地 | 林地 | 灌木丛 | 草地 | 水域 | 冰川 | 裸地 | 不透水面 | 湿地 | ||
| 2019 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 120.24 5.31 0.32 0.006 0 | 109.70 9.10 0.73 0.10 0.01 | 1.11 0.15 0.01 0 0 | 131.13 22.47 2.87 0.22 0.10 | 9.06 0.68 0.03 0.01 0.001 | 1.84 0.47 0.04 0.0042 0.001 | 83.05 5.87 0.44 0.05 0.024 | 19.44 0.33 0.003 0.001 0 | 0.045 0.042 0.0091 0.001 0 |
| 100 | 125.876 | 119.64 | 1.27 | 156.79 | 9.781 | 2.3552 | 89.434 | 19.774 | 0.0971 | |
| 2020 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 79.794 7.03 1.757 0.339 0.032 | 77.032 10.566 2.690 0.532 0.225 | 0.687 0.218 0.051 0.029 0.005 | 64.301 20.764 5.679 1.151 0.302 | 5.003 0.575 0.113 0.020 0.003 | 1.259 0.130 0.027 0.012 0.002 | 13.234 4.588 1.278 0.144 0.282 | 12.270 0.601 0.195 0.01 0 | 0.018 0.031 0.016 0.002 0 |
| 100 | 88.952 | 91.045 | 0.99 | 92.197 | 5.714 | 1.43 | 19.526 | 13.076 | 0.067 | |
| 2021 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 115.528 7.662 0.458 0.026 0 | 97.212 9.199 0.878 0.130 0 | 0.942 0.200 0.027 0.000 0 | 107.117 19.329 3.133 0.494 0.053 | 7.028 0.728 0.045 0.002 0.001 | 0.885 0.104 0.051 0 0.002 | 25.741 2.486 0.542 0.027 0.002 | 18.565 0.582 0.024 0.001 0 | 0.053 0.019 0.004 0 0 |
| 100 | 123.674 | 107.419 | 1.169 | 130.126 | 7.804 | 1.042 | 28.798 | 19.172 | 0.076 | |
| 2022 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 119.788 7.434 0.871 0.1 0.010 | 119.549 8.919 0.885 0.202 0.052 | 1.313 0.217 0.049 0.007 0 | 107.066 29.957 9.373 1.577 0.097 | 8.36 0.760 0.235 0.016 0.001 | 1.194 0.319 0.121 0.059 0.001 | 62.711 7.036 0.601 0.126 0.234 | 20.210 0.462 0.020 0.010 0 | 0.058 0.019 0.004 0.004 0 |
| 100 | 128.203 | 129.607 | 1.586 | 148.07 | 9.372 | 1.694 | 70.708 | 20.702 | 0.085 | |
| 2023 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 110.694 10.866 1.031 0.048 0.002 | 99.834 15.162 2.109 0.274 0.002 | 0.941 0.225 0.032 0.006 0.003 | 92.989 27.588 7.4 1.295 0.488 | 7.123 1.089 0.219 0.055 0.003 | 1.017 0.255 0.086 0.005 0.001 | 62.083 4.736 2.623 0.271 0.021 | 19.368 1.025 0.033 0.003 0 | 0.027 0.018 0.013 0 0 |
| 100 | 122.641 | 117.381 | 1.207 | 129.76 | 8.489 | 1.364 | 69.734 | 20.429 | 0.058 | |
表3 2019—2023年各频率内各类型土地覆被面积(×104 km²)
Table 3 Area of each land cover type under different service scenarios in 2019-2023 (×104 km²)
| 年份 | 频率/% | 类型 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 耕地 | 林地 | 灌木丛 | 草地 | 水域 | 冰川 | 裸地 | 不透水面 | 湿地 | ||
| 2019 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 120.24 5.31 0.32 0.006 0 | 109.70 9.10 0.73 0.10 0.01 | 1.11 0.15 0.01 0 0 | 131.13 22.47 2.87 0.22 0.10 | 9.06 0.68 0.03 0.01 0.001 | 1.84 0.47 0.04 0.0042 0.001 | 83.05 5.87 0.44 0.05 0.024 | 19.44 0.33 0.003 0.001 0 | 0.045 0.042 0.0091 0.001 0 |
| 100 | 125.876 | 119.64 | 1.27 | 156.79 | 9.781 | 2.3552 | 89.434 | 19.774 | 0.0971 | |
| 2020 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 79.794 7.03 1.757 0.339 0.032 | 77.032 10.566 2.690 0.532 0.225 | 0.687 0.218 0.051 0.029 0.005 | 64.301 20.764 5.679 1.151 0.302 | 5.003 0.575 0.113 0.020 0.003 | 1.259 0.130 0.027 0.012 0.002 | 13.234 4.588 1.278 0.144 0.282 | 12.270 0.601 0.195 0.01 0 | 0.018 0.031 0.016 0.002 0 |
| 100 | 88.952 | 91.045 | 0.99 | 92.197 | 5.714 | 1.43 | 19.526 | 13.076 | 0.067 | |
| 2021 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 115.528 7.662 0.458 0.026 0 | 97.212 9.199 0.878 0.130 0 | 0.942 0.200 0.027 0.000 0 | 107.117 19.329 3.133 0.494 0.053 | 7.028 0.728 0.045 0.002 0.001 | 0.885 0.104 0.051 0 0.002 | 25.741 2.486 0.542 0.027 0.002 | 18.565 0.582 0.024 0.001 0 | 0.053 0.019 0.004 0 0 |
| 100 | 123.674 | 107.419 | 1.169 | 130.126 | 7.804 | 1.042 | 28.798 | 19.172 | 0.076 | |
| 2022 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 119.788 7.434 0.871 0.1 0.010 | 119.549 8.919 0.885 0.202 0.052 | 1.313 0.217 0.049 0.007 0 | 107.066 29.957 9.373 1.577 0.097 | 8.36 0.760 0.235 0.016 0.001 | 1.194 0.319 0.121 0.059 0.001 | 62.711 7.036 0.601 0.126 0.234 | 20.210 0.462 0.020 0.010 0 | 0.058 0.019 0.004 0.004 0 |
| 100 | 128.203 | 129.607 | 1.586 | 148.07 | 9.372 | 1.694 | 70.708 | 20.702 | 0.085 | |
| 2023 | 0~2 2~6 6~15 15~35 35~100 | 110.694 10.866 1.031 0.048 0.002 | 99.834 15.162 2.109 0.274 0.002 | 0.941 0.225 0.032 0.006 0.003 | 92.989 27.588 7.4 1.295 0.488 | 7.123 1.089 0.219 0.055 0.003 | 1.017 0.255 0.086 0.005 0.001 | 62.083 4.736 2.623 0.271 0.021 | 19.368 1.025 0.033 0.003 0 | 0.027 0.018 0.013 0 0 |
| 100 | 122.641 | 117.381 | 1.207 | 129.76 | 8.489 | 1.364 | 69.734 | 20.429 | 0.058 | |
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