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Fluvial geomorphology is widely distributed in the middle region of the Yarlung Zangbo River, meanly, these regions has experienced the most serious aeolian disaster. River inland and flood plain can provide sand for aeolian disaster. However, the relationships between river inland and flood plain area and aeolian disaster almost not be studied in these regions. For this reason, the remote sensing images and weather station data were used to analyze the area of the riverbed, flood plain and river inland, and the aeolian activities. The results indicated that there are obvious spatial and temporal differences for the area of the riverbed, flood plain, river inland, and the sediment supplement. The area of river inland and flood plain is controlled by monthly river runoff, and the monthly river runoff ranges from 0.93×109 to 8.35×109 m3, which is related to monthly rainfall. The area of river inland is maxinmum in March and minimum in August, with the value of 222.95 km2, 80.61 km2 respectively. Sediment supplement index is maximum in the March (2.00) and minimum in the August (0.28), means that river inland area is largest in March and smallest in August. Similarly, flood plain area is largest in March (78.99 km2) and smallest in August (45.45 km2). Sand activities are serious in March and less in August. All results explains that river inland and flood plain can provide sediment for aeolian disaster formation and development.
Dust storms have serious impacts on the atmosphere and human health. It is, therefore, of great significance to identify the sources of sand and dust for preventing and controlling such storms. In this study, sand-dust samples were collected from seven points in northern China during the dust storm event on March 15, 2021, and their particle size composition and some radionuclide (235U, 232Th, 226Ra and 137Cs) concentrations were measured. Results show that the sand-dust samples of Xining, Lanzhou, Xi'an, Beijing, Ji'nan and Linyi were dominated by silt particles. Radionuclide content characteristics indicate that these dust were long-distance transported Aeolian dust or blown loess nearby. Except for Zhongwei and Xi'an, 137Cs activities of the sand-dust in the other five locations were much higher than that of cultivated land and lower than that of grassland with high vegetation coverage, indicating that they were mainly originated from eroded grasslands with low coverage rather than cultivated lands. The 137Cs activity of the sand-dust of Xi'an was similar to that of the cultivated lands, means that these lands may be the dominate source of the sand and dust. The Zhongwei sample was coarse in grain size and extremely low in 137Cs activity, because it was originated from the adjacent Tengger Desert.
The Yellow River catchment is high in the west and low in the east, spanning four geomorphic units, namely Tibetan Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau and Huang-Huai-Hai Plain from west to east, with a total area of 79.6×104 km2. The Yellow River catchment is an important ecological barrier and economic belt in China. Today, ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River catchment has become a national strategy of China. Aeolian desertification is the main form of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and partly humid areas of northern China, and it has a great impact on the Yellow River catchment, especially in the middle and upper reaches of the catchment. To obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of aeolian desertified land in the Yellow River catchment, the Landsat remote sensing image was taken as the data source to monitor the aeolian desertified land distribution in the Yellow River catchment in 2010 based on geographic information system (GIS) technology. The monitoring result shows that the area of aeolian desertification land in the Yellow River catchment is 128 667 km2, accounting for 16.2% of the total area. The area of aeolian desertification land in the upper reaches of the Yellow River was the largest, followed by the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the source region of the Yellow River, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the area is 89 341 km2, 21 426 km2, 17 894 km2, and 7 km2, respectively, accounting for 69.4%, 16.7%, 13.9%, and 0.01% of the total area of aeolian desertification land in the whole catchment. The result also shows that most of the aeolian desertification land in the Yellow River catchment is distributed in Inner Mongolia, with an area of 91 398 km2, accounting for 71.0% of the total area of aeolian desertification land in the catchment, and it was followed by Qinghai, Shaanxi and Ningxia, accounting for 13.5%, 8.3% and 6.5%, respectively. It is concluded that the spatial pattern of aeolian desertification land in the Yellow River catchment is mainly controlled by precipitation, because 92.6% (119 114 km2) of desertification land in the region is distributed in arid and semi-arid regions. Since the 1970s, the aeolian desertification in the Yellow River catchment has experienced a process of rapid development-slow development-obvious reversal, and the significant change trend of aeolian desertification is mainly caused by human activities. Nevertheless, the positive effect of the continuous decline in wind speed over the past few decades on aeolian desertification reversal should be emphasized.
The Yellow River Basin is an important ecological region in China, and it is of great significance to explore the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of biodiversity in this basin for regional ecological protection and restoration. In this study, the InVEST model is used to evaluate the habitat quality of the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2018, combined with the spatial autocorrelation model to explore its temporal and spatial changes characteristics. The driving factors of spatial differentiation characteristics of habitat quality are analyzed by using the single factor detection and interactive detection methods of geographic detectors. The results show that: from 2000 to 2018, the average habitat quality index of the Yellow River Basin was 0.631, with a decline rate of 0.16%, and the habitat quality index was high in the west and low in the east. The habitat quality index of the Yellow River Basin exhibits a highly positive spatial correlation characteristic, which shows that the similar values of habitat quality gather in space. The low-value areas of habitat quality are mainly concentrated in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin, Guanzhong Plain and Fenhe Valley, while the high-value areas of habitat quality are mainly concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Land use cover type is the most important driving factor for the spatial differentiation of habitat quality, with q value of 0.5560. Moreover, the interaction between any two driving factors on spatial differentiation of habitat quality is greater than that of one driving factor alone, and the interaction factors between land use cover types and temperature, elevation, rainfall, slope and NDVI are all greater than 0.5.
On the basis of field survey, Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used to detect the internal structure of vegetation linear dunes in the southeastern Gurbantunggut Desert, and radar facies image information was obtained. Combined with regional natural geography and morphological characteristics, the evolution model of vegetation linear dunes internal structure was preliminarily discussed. The results indicate that: (1) GPR reveals the shallow (3-5 m) structure information below the dune surface, which can identify high-angle dipping, convex and wedge cross-bedding in the middle-upper part of dunes and crest, and sub-horizontal to low-angle dipping bedding in interdunes and the middle-lower part of dunes, which reflects the strong wind erosion and deposition activity in the upper part of dune, and the accretion in the middle-lower parts of dune wings and interdunes. (2) From desert edge to the center, the shallow sedimentary structure assemblage of dune slope changes from asymmetrical to symmetrical, the dune cross-section morphology showed the same variation, but no evidence of lateral dune migration have been found. (3) According to different scale dune structure sequence, the evolution mode could be divided into four stages: shrub dunes, shadow shrub dunes, longitudinal dune chains and vegetation linear dunes. With the continuous merging and integration of overlapping shrub dunes, the width and height of linear dunes increase, frequent wind activity at the dune crest, and the types of high-angle dipping, convex and wedge cross-bedding increase. (4) The causes of massive bedding (below 3-5 m, not hit the bottom) and GPR signal attenuation should be further verified. Besides, to systematic clarify the evolution process of vegetation linear dunes in study area, it is necessary to supplement more GPR data and chronology study.
The Yellow River Basin is an important part of ecological security strategy in China, and it is a sensitive area of climate change and a vulnerable area of ecological environment. This paper mainly analyzes and reviews the latest research progress on the characteristics, impacts, causes and countermeasures of climate change in the Yellow River Basin: (1) In recent 60 years, the temperature shows an upward trend, with an average warming rate of 0.30 ℃ per decade, and the trend of temperature rise is the most significant in winter and the smallest in summer. The precipitation in the upstream increased, while that in the middle-stream and lower-stream decreased significantly. (2) In recent years, under the joint influence of climate change and human activities, a series of problems have appeared in the Yellow River Basin, such as the reduction of runoff, the degradation of glaciers and frozen soil, the improvement of vegetation coverage, the increase of soil erosion in the ecological fragile areas of upstream and sand-producing areas of the middle-stream. The impact of climatic change on the crops is not only of advantageous aspects but also of disadvantageous, and the pets and diseases increase. The climate warming and the increase of extreme events have brought great challenges to the safe preservation of cultural heritage. (3) The evolution process of climate system in the Yellow River Basin is not only affected by its own internal power and heat, but also by external forcing factors such as atmospheric circulation, sea surface temperature and Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The change of atmospheric composition and land use/cover caused by human activities is an important factor affecting the local climate. (4) In the future, the temperature will still show an upward trend, the precipitation fluctuation will increase, and extreme weather events will occur more frequently in the Yellow River Basin. It is necessary and urgent to take adaptive measures to deal with climate change. These measures mainly include strengthening the scientific research on the impact of climate change and extreme events, improving the ability of forecasting and early warning of extreme weather events, establishing a disaster forecasting and early warning system integrating meteorology, hydrology, ecology, numerical prediction, prevention and control, strengthening the management, allocation and effective utilization of water resources, strengthening the protection of ecological environment, formulating scientific and reasonable agricultural development strategy, and promoting the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.
Sand-dust weather is a kind of disastrous weather frequently occurring in the spring in Northern China, which severely endangers agricultural production, transportation, air quality and the safety of people's lives and properties. It has been widely concerned by all walks of life for a long time.This paper uses multi-source and multi-scale data, synoptic analysis, physical quantity diagnosis, trajectory analysis and other methods to conduct an in-depth analysis of the cause of a continuous heavy dust pollution weather in the eastern part of Northwest China in mid-March 2021. The results show that: (1) Affected by the strong development of Mongolian cyclone, the strong sandstorms weather first appeared in the southern Mongolia and the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia on March 14, and the sand and dust were transported to the northwest, north and northeast of China, and it lasted for up to 5 days in the eastern part of Northwest China. (2)During the maintenance of the sand-dust weather in the eastern part of Northwest China, the middle and low layers are dominated by weak ascending movement, the atmosphere stratification is stable, and the weak frontogenesis process developed continuously, which was not conducive to the sedimentation of sand and dust. The fluctuations in the vertical helicity of the Yinchuan, Zhongwei, and Lanzhou stations distributed from north to south are basically consistent with the variation of dust concentration in these stations in the continuous stage of dust weather. In addition, the height of the mixed layer during the duration of the dust weather is significantly lower than its climatic average, which is not conducive to the development of atmospheric turbulence. (3) The trajectory analysis shows that the sand and dust affecting the eastern part of northwestern China is mainly caused by the import of Mongolia. Nearly 20 years, the vegetation in the border areas between China and Mongolia and southern Mongolia shows a decreasing trend, which may be the main reason that the sand source of this sandstorm is mainly from the south of Mongolia.
Human activities and climate change have caused the seagrass ecosystem to degrade and lose at an alarming rate, forming a large "submarine desert" area, leading to the loss of ecosystem service function. In recent years, because of the rising concerns on marine resources by governments, the restoration of the seagrass ecosystem has entered a new historical stage. Nevertheless, there are fewer cases of successful restoration of degraded seagrass ecosystems. Therefore, it is time to present the theories of restoration ecology to guide the practice of seagrass restoration. Under the circumstances, this study systematically discusses the significance, difficulties, and problems of seagrass restoration, elaborates the interaction and complexity of the effects of human activities and climate change on the seagrass ecosystem, integrates research methods at different scales, and proposes targeted seagrass ecosystem restoration strategies. This study contributes to constructing the seagrass ecosystem restoration theoretical system and provides academic guidance for seagrass ecosystem restoration.
In this paper, the characteristics of grain size, elements and Micromorphology of surface sediments of honeycomb dunes in Gurbantunggut Desert are sampled and analyzed, and its sedimentary environment is discussed. The results show that: (1) The surface sediments of honeycomb dunes in Gurbantunggut Desert are mainly fine sand; The major elements are depleted, and the trace element Co is enriched obviously; The chemical alteration index (CIA) is close to the average value of the upper continental crust; The roundness of quartz sand particles is moderate, and the micro morphological characteristics are mainly dished pits and irregular impact pits. (2) The northeast of the study area has the largest average particle size and the worst sorting performance; Serious loss of major elements; The micromorphological characteristics are the most complex; The CIA value in the west of the study area is the lowest. The average particle size increases from the toe of the windward slope to the top of the slope and decreases on the leeward slope; There was no significant difference between elements and micro morphological characteristics. (3) The sedimentary physicochemical characteristics show that the desert is in the early stage of continental weathering. The arid climate conditions make the surface components of sand dunes lack effective chemical weathering, and the sedimentary environment is complex, dominated by aeolian machinery.
Desert inverted channel is a special river-liked positive landform in arid land, which contains information of significant environmental change that results in riverbed revising. Following the geomorphology law, this study investigated desert inverted channels around the world based on the published literature and our field observation. We summarized its spatial distribution, morphological characteristics, material composition, sedimentary structure and formation mechanism. Generally, inverted channels developed in the main sand seas around world. Its surface is composed of debris or cemented materials, subsurface consist of sandy-clay materials with a relatively soft texture. Due to the differential erosion of the sediments in the riverbed and riverbank, the riverbed is relatively elevated. Although some progress has been made in the study of deserts inverted channels on Earth, further research needs to be carried out in terms of their formation age and climatic significance. Meanwhile, more studies should be carried out to compare with the different types of inverted channels on Mars. This will provide important basis for revealing the hydrological activities and environmental changes on Mars.
Wind, sediment and surface cover are the three main factors controlling dune landforms. However, the impact of sediment, especially sand supply, on dune landforms remains to be further studied. The study on the dune volume gives rise to the concept of the equivalent sand thickness (EST). The study of EST has gone through two research stages of multiple dune and sub-dune scales. The multiple dune scale study showed that there is a good consistency between EST and dune height. The relationship between EST and dune height can reflect dune types and sand supply. The combination of EST and directional variability can be used to distinguish dune types in different regions. EST can characterize the sand supply on a macro level. The sub-dune scale research makes it possible to use high resolution remote sensing images to study dune/megadune landforms and their formation processes. High resolution data allow researchers to focus on details that have previously been overlooked. This may be the key to distinguishing the different types of dune. Future research should filter dune/megadune landforms on the pixel scale. Different layers obtained from different filtering windows can be used to explore the formation process of dune/megadune landforms. The application of high resolution data can correct the existing geomorphic pattern rules and explore the relationship among morphological indexes still in dispute and the physical significance represented by them. Since EST can represent total sand supply, more attention should be paid to sand supply per unit time and its spatial variation in the future. These will have a huge impact on the aeolian science and even surface processes, and push these fields forward.
Based on the MODIS NDVI vegetation index and meteorological data sets, and by utilizing the methods of Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, trend analysis, and Random Forest Regression, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage in the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2020 and discusses the driving factors behind the changes. The analysis produced the following findings. (1) The spatial averaged NDVI showed a significant increasing trend across the Yellow River Basin from 2001 to 2020, with a growth rate of 0.055/10a (P<0.05). The regional growth rates of different land cover types are significantly different. Among them, the growth rate of the conversion of farmland to forest (grass) region is the fastest, followed by the agricultural land region, and the natural vegetation region. (2) Spatially, areas with increased vegetation coverage are mainly distributed in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi, southeastern Gansu Province, the Hetao Plain of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and in other areas where the Sloping Land Conversion Program is implemented. Meanwhile, areas with significant decline in vegetation coverage are mainly concentrated in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomerations, the Huanghuaihai Plain, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (3) Regression analysis results show that the overall impact factors such as temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and precipitation positively promote vegetation growth and the absolute contribution rate will decrease sequentially, while factors such as atmospheric vapor pressure deficit and radiation generally inhibit vegetation growth. The findings of this study provide a reference for assessing the comprehensive impact of climate change on vegetation cover changes across the Yellow River Basin.
The desert region is not only an important energy base in China, but also a fragile ecological environment and poor development area. How can we fully exploit and utilize the rich resources of the desert while promoting the people's livelihood and economic development of the region on the premise of protecting the ecological environment of the desert?Firstly, based on the ecology, management, physical geography, system science and other related theory, combined with the latest research progress of desert energy development and desert control, ecological restoration at home and abroad, using the Energy Internet thinking, an ecosystem structure model of desert control, ecological restoration and anti-poverty engines, rural revitalization energy construction, and economic development was built, and a Desert Energy Ecosphere concept was put forward with win-win cooperation, desert energy based, energy power as the core of desert ecosystem. Secondly, the connotation and characteristics of Desert Energy Ecosphere are analyzed, and its functions are elaborated from the perspectives of economy, society and ecology. Finally, the development model of Desert Energy Ecosphere is discussed, and the development vision of desert energy ecosphere is put forward from five aspects of energy, ecology, economy, national conditions and strategy.
The South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a strategic project to realize the South-North allocation of water resources, the East-West mutual aid, and the formation of a rational allocation pattern of water resources in China. It has been preliminarily determined that the first phase of the west route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project will divert 4 billion cubic meters water from the Yalong River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River to Taohe River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and then to the main stream of the Yellow River after passing through Taohe River to Liujiaxia Reservoir. Based on the new water and soil pattern of Gansu section of the main Yellow River (i.e., under the two main water transport routes of "string arc" of the Gansu section of the Yellow River), this study focuses on how to make use of the new water resources. This study also analyzed the effects of the new water and soil pattern on the Gansu section of the main stream of the Yellow River, the Shiyang River Basin in the northwest inland region, the Alxa region of Inner Mongolia and the Ning-Mongolia irrigated areas. The study are beneficial to the sustainable and rational utilization of water resources in areas with scarce water resources, and can provide a reference for the implementation of strategic planning for ecological protection and high-quality development in the upper reaches of the Yellow River Basin.
Assessment of natural restoration capacity of vegetation is an important part of ecological restoration practice. This article, based on the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), meteorological data and soil data of Mongolia, build the vegetation restoration potential calculation model on the “similar habitat”, calculate the Mongolia vegetation restoration potential value (VRP, representative in the area under the condition of natural vegetation to restore to the best condition) and vegetation restoration potential index (VRPI, on behalf of the vegetation growth status and potential difference between the largest). And use the sampling analysis data from Mongolian through long-term enclosure along the railway area to verify the research findings. The results showed that :(1) There is a high vegetation restoration potential in Mongolia, and the natural vegetation restoration potential value is mostly between 0.6 and 0.9. (2) Under the influence of spatial differentiation of natural factors such as precipitation, air temperature and soil, the natural restoration potential of vegetation in Mongolia has great spatial differences. The northern and eastern regions are the regions with high VRP value and low VRPI value. Suggest that the vegetation was slightly degraded and easy to recover. In the southern and western regions, there are middle and low values of VRP and high values of VRPI. The degree of vegetation degradation is severe and the restoration is relatively difficult. The results of this study can provide scientific reference for the restoration of degraded vegetation in Mongolia according to local conditions.
The grain size composition of dunes is mainly determined by wind regimes, sand sources, and the interaction between dune morphology and airflows. The grain-size composition of sand dunes can reflect the formation process of different types of dunes. Samples were collected from 0-5 cm of the surface layers at the foot of the windward slopes, the dune crests, and the foot of the leeward slopes of 20 barchan or dune chains and 25 parabola dunes in the Mu Us Desert. The grain-size composition of the samples was tested and analyzed to explore their grain size characteristics. The results show that: (1) There are no significant differences in grain-size composition and parameters between barchan dunes and parabola dunes, and the grain -size frequency distribution curves are typical single-peak shapes, but compared with barchan dunes, the parabolic dunes have worse sorting and higher suspended components; The windward slope of parabola dunes has worse sorting and higher coarse sand content than barchan dune. (2) In the statistics of grain-size distribution patterns of sand dunes, the barchan dunes tend to have the finest grain-size on the windward slope, accounting for 65%, whereas the parabolic dunes tend to have the finest grain-size on the leeward slope, accounting for 56%;The grain-size frequency distribution curve also indicated the biased results of the grain-size distribution patterns. (3) Vegetation, the opposite morphology of barchan dunes and parabola dunes and their interaction with airflows are the main factors that cause the differences in grain-size characteristics between the two types of dunes.
The continuous acting obstacle of Lilium davidli var. unicolor has become a constraint factor for its industrial development. In order to explore ways to alleviate the continuous acting obstacle. This study set four treatments: CK (control), SF (silicon fertilizer), MF (microbial agents), SMF (silicon fertilizer + microbial agents), through the determination of plant growth index, the number of soil culturable microorganisms and physical and chemical indicators, and using membership function and redundancy analysis (RDA) method, analyzed the effects of treatments on lily growth and soil biochemical properties.The results indicate that: (1) Compared with CK treatment, SF, MF and SMF treatment all improved the plant growth index and enhanced the root activity of Lanzhou Lily. (2) Compared with CK, the microbial community structure treated by SF, MF and SMF changed significantly, the number of bacteria increased significantly, the number of fungi decreased significantly, and the soil changed from fungal type to bacterial type. (3) Membership function analysis shows that SMF has the best effect, MF, SF has the second best effect and CK has the worst effect. (4) RDA analysis shows that soil urease, alkaline phosphatase and sucrase were positively correlated with organic matter, available silicon content and available potassium, but negatively correlated with pH. The soil nutrients treated by SMF were the best and the effect was the most significant. In conclusion,single and combined application of silicon fertilizer and microbial fertilizer could significantly promote the plant growth of lanzhou lily, improve the soil microbial community structure, increase the soil nutrient content, and thus alleviate the continuous cropping obstacles of Lanzhou lily, and the combination of silicon fertilizer and microbial fertilizer had the best effect.
In order to explore the composition, characteristics and patterns of the plant community, and to serve the sand-fixing and ecological construction better, we investigated natural and artificial vegetation in both individual and community scale around the south edge of Badain Jaran Sand Sea, a desert with high shifting sand dunes in northern China., The results shows that there were 31 species of desert plants, including 12 species of shrubs, 11 species of perennial herbs, and 8 species of annual or biennial herbs , based on the 13 investigated plots data. The population density was from 3 000 to 14 000 hm-2, and the vegetation patterns were characterized by small patch area and low largest patch index (LPI). The dominant species were prominent in the areas, indicating a relatively poor community stability. Because of the growth and distribution of natural vegetation communities and the construction of sand-fixing plantation successfully along the extension zones of the desert, it should be possible and feasible to establish and benefit sand-fixing vegetation by means of establishment of native plants plantation on the edge. In the future, under the concept of the Full-array ecosystems (mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts), it is necessary to strengthen the analysis of the relationships between water, vegetation and desert on a regional scale, as well as the questions in authenticity, integrity and connectivity of the ecosystem and the maintenance of ecosystem stability. Meanwhile, it is of great importance on optimizing the ecological landscape pattern and determining the ecological protection targets and construction scales. In order to provide scientific and technological support for regional ecological construction and protection, the research on the native plants about adaptation mechanism to arid climate and the reproduction and conservation technology should be processed scientifically.
Taking 116 cities in the Yellow River Basin as the research unit, a "Five in One" comprehensive evaluation system composed of economic, political, cultural, social and ecological dimensions is constructed. Combination weight method and weighted TOPSIS are used to analyze the spatial differences of each subdivision dimension and comprehensive development. Furthermore, based on the coupling coordination model and spatial autocorrelation method, the research was conducted on the coupling coordination and spatial agglomeration. The results show that: (1) In terms of comprehensive development, the "Five in One" spatial pattern in the Yellow River Basin is high in the east and south and low in the west and north. High and sub-high grade cities are mainly distributed in most of Shandong, Henan and southeast of Sichuan in the east of the basin, while medium and low grade cities are located in north and west provinces of the Yellow River Basin due to the bad natural environment, sparse population distribution and poor economic foundation. (2) In terms of subdivision dimension, there is a large gap among cities in the Yellow River Basin in economic dimension, and a small difference in ecological dimension. In addition, the five subdivision dimensions show great morphological differences in spatial distribution. (3) In terms of coordinated development, most cities in the Yellow River Basin have a low coupling degree of "Five in One", and a large potential for coordinated development. (4) In terms of spatial agglomeration, cities in the Yellow River Basin have strong positive spatial correlation in five subdivision dimensions, and the degree of agglomeration is political dimension > cultural dimension > social dimension > ecological dimension > economic dimension.
Agricultural planting structure is an important part of regional agricultural production and the core of regional water and soil resources allocation. In this paper, based on the MODIS NDVI multi-temporal remote sensing data from 2000 to 2018, combined with the field spectrometry of maize, wheat, sunflower and zucchini in different phenological phases and the GPS calibration of the planting area, a crop identification method based on threshold segmentation was constructed, and analyzed the changes of planting structure and driving factors of main crops in Hetao irrigation region. The results showed that: there were differences in the trends of acreage of maize and other crops, including maize acreage varied from 71.1×103-199.3×103 hm2 with a fluctuating upward trend (P<0.001); Wheat varied from 49.3×103-249.2×103 hm2, with a fluctuating downward trend (P<0.001); sunflower acreage varied from 140.2×103-337.4×103 hm2 with a fluctuating upward trend (P<0.001); zucchini acreage varied from 6.4-68.3×103 hm2, with a fluctuating upward trend (P<0.001). During the study period, the area of sunflower conversion was the largest, and the area of sunflower planting land transferred to maize, wheat and zucchini was 107.9×103 hm2.The driving factors for the change in crop planting structure was the result of the combined effects of water diversion from the Yellow River, groundwater depth, temperature, population activity, social and economic development (GDP) and urban construction factors.
As a typical fragile ecosystem in the northwest arid regions in China, the species diversity and stability of the vegetation community are critical to ensuring ecological security and sustaining regional sustainable development. In this study, the distance from river bank was divided into three gradients, including 0.3 km (T0-0.3), 0.3 to 1.7 km (T0.3-1.7) and 1.7 to 4.0 km (T1.7-4.0) by the method of K-Means clustering with the data of soil moisture in the tail area of the lower Heihe River , to investigate the vegetation types, species diversity and vegetation stability and satisfy the suitable soil water for plants. The results showed that: (1) vegetation are dominated by plants with the characteristics of resistance to wet saline, trees mingling with shrubs and herbs, and drought-tolerant shrubs and sub-shrubs within the 0-0.3 km, 0.3-1.7 km, 1.7-4.0 km distance from river bank. (2) The Simpson index, Pielou index, Shannon-wiener index and richness index are the largest and least within the 0.3-1.7 km and 1.7-4.0 km distance from river bank, respectively, the vegetation community stability and diversity index are opposite. (3) The suitable soil water for plants are 27%-31%, 15%-22% and 4%-7% within the 0-0.3 km, 0.3-1.7 km, 1.7-4.0 km distance from river bank, respectively. This study deepen our knowledge of sustaining the species diversity and community stability in the river-tail area in arid regions.
How the deserts/sandy lands in the monsoonal margin region in northern China responds to climate change and its feedback are of important scientific significance for understanding the modern surface processes in arid and semi-arid regions and their future environmental evolution trends. The Hobq Desert is the only mobile and semi-mobile desert in the middle and east of the monsoonal margin region in northern China. The modern surface landscape is significantly different from the surrounding sandy lands (such as the Mu Us Sandy Land, the Hunshandake Sandy Land, and the Horqin Sandy Land). There are still many disputes about whether the Hobq Desert has the same evolution process as the sandy lands in the middle and east of the monsoonal margin region and when its wet period occurs since the Late Quaternary. The conclusions of regional aeolian deposition and lacustrine deposition records are obviously different, and there is a difference between the optimal period of humidity in the middle and late Holocene and the early and middle Holocene. Through the process of the probability density distribution (Probability Density Function, PDF) of the aeolian sedimentary age-lithology of the Hobq Desert and its comparison with paleoenvironment records of aeolian deposition and lacustrine deposition from the surrounding sandy lands, it is found that: the environment evolution process of the Hobq Desert is generally consistent with that of sandy lands in the middle and east of the monsoonal margin region since the Last Glacial Maximum. During 27.6-10 ka and the Late Holocene (2-0 ka), sand activity was strong and the climate was relatively arid; in the early Holocene (10-6 ka), paleosols began to develop, sand dunes were gradually fixed, humidity increased, and environmental conditions were improved; in the Middle Holocene (6-2 ka), paleosols developed extensively, sand dunes were fixed, and climate was obviously humid. The process of regional environmental evolution is controlled by both solar insolation in low-latitude and variations of ice volume in high-latitude.
In the middle of March 2021, a persistent dust weather broke out in central East Asia including most parts of northern China, which aroused people's high attention to the dust source area and the benefit of the ecological construction project. Using high precision and large range of meteorological data, this paper calculated the dust driving conditions on the ground and the sand transport conditions during the strong wind process, and estimated the dust lift amounts at different hours. Then, the dust contribution rates of Mongolia and northern China were obtained for the days of 14th and 15th. The results show that, compared with the past ten years, northern China is not prone to emit dust, while desert areas in central and eastern Mongolia tend to rise more dust due to significant temperature increase and decreased precipitation. It shows that 75% of the dust in the strong dust storm in Beijing on March 15 was raised on the 14th in Mongolia, while 84% of the dust in the followed larger storm on the 16th and 17th was raised from North and Northwest China on the 15th. The total dust amounts inside and outside the border are basically the same.
Grain size analysis is one of the main methods to study the process of aeolian sand landform. The analysis of sand dune grain size characteristics can not only reflect the source and power of sand dunes, but also reflect the changes of the terrain to the movement of the sand flow. This paper analyzes the grain size characteristics of the surface sediments of the mobile dunes in different geomorphological positions in the Pengqu Basin of Tibet. The results show that: (1) Surface sediments on mobile dunes in Pengqu basin are mainly divided into medium sand (46.51%) and fine sand (40.52%), followed by coarse sand (5.87%) and very fine sand (5.87%), and the content of clay (0.37%) and silt sand is the least (0.85%) . The average grain of surface sediments on mobile dunes is in the range of 1.41-2.32 Φ, and the skewness is in the range of 0.01-0.24 . In general, the kurtosis range is 0.98-1.80, and the sorting coefficient is in the range of 0.45-0.79 Φ. (2) The grain size composition of different geomorphic units (river floodplain-river terrace-hillside) gradually becomes finer; the frequency distribution curve gradually becomes higher and steeper, and the probability accumulation curves from southwest to northeast along the dominant wind direction change from two-stage to one-stage, the slope gradually increases, and the sortability gradually becomes better. (3) The surface sediments of the flowing sand dunes from the floodplain to the high-level terraces of the river become finer with increasing altitude, and the particle size from the slope to the top of the slope becomes coarser with the increase in altitude, but the sorting becomes better, indicating the sand materials of the sand dunes on the hillside and the sand dunes on the terrace come from different river sections of riverbed or floodplain. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of desertification in different areas in the study area.
The coastal nebkhas is an eolian landform widely developed in the coastal areas, and there are many typical Spinifex littoreus nebkhas distributed along the northeastern coast of Hainan Province. Based on field study and laboratory experiments, combine with meteorological data, we systematically analyzed the morphology, dynamic conditions, grain size and geochemical element characteristics of S. littoreus nebkhas on Jingxinjiao beach of Hainan Island. The results show that stable onshore wind and wide sandy beach are the basic conditions for the development of nebkhas. The low wind energy environment and the " shell pavements " on the beach shoulder are the main reasons for the small scale of Jingxinjiao nebkhas. The S. littoreus nebkhas at Jingxinjiao is mainly like cone and tadpole. Compared with the windward slope of nebkhas, the leeward slope has a greater influence on the long axis of nebkhas. The length of the long axis and the windward slope have bigger effect on the height of nebkhas. The growth of S. littoreus nebkhas in the horizontal direction can affect the development of the morphology of nebkhas more.
The Baotou-Lanzhou Railway is the first railway in China to cross the desert, among which the Shapotou section suffered from the most severe aeolian sand hazard. The protective system is vital to the construction and safe run of this railway. Based on literature comprehensive analysis of the protective system of Shapotou section of the Baotou-Lanzhou Railway during the last 60 years, we summarized the research results from the sand-fixing measures and their efficiency, the structural characteristics of the protection system, and the design of reasonable width. At present, the ecological environment in this area is fragile, and there are some problems in part of the area, such as the deterioration of soil moisture conditions, the degradation of artificial sand-fixing vegetation, the damage of measures of sand drift control, and the extensive development of sandy patches caused by wind erosion. Finally, we proposed corresponding strategies and future research priorities, which could provide a scientific reference for the maintenance, improvement and sustainable management of the protective system.
Landscape fragmentation changes the integrity of the regional landscape structure and the connectivity of the system, and has an important impact on the stability and sustainable development of the landscape. This paper selects Xinjiang Hotan Oasis as the research area, uses Xinjiang survey data and MSS images in 1970, and the four phases of Landsat TM /ETM+ data in 1990, 2000, 2013, and 2018 as the main data sources. The landscape index method, moving window method, Gradient analysis and attribution analysis methods to carry out research on the temporal and spatial pattern changes and driving factors of oasis landscape fragmentation, the landscape index method, moving window method, gradient analysis and attribution analysis were adopted Research on the temporal and spatial pattern changes and driving factors of oasis landscape fragmentation. The results show that in the past 50 years, the DIVISION index (DIVISION) has decreased from 0.94 to 0.89, and the Shannon diversity index (SHDI) has decreased from 1.44 to 1.28. The fragmentation of the oasis landscape has shown a slowing trend overall., using landscape index method, moving window method, gradient analysis and Attribution analysis and other methods are used to study the temporal and spatial pattern changes and driving factors of oasis landscape fragmentation. The results show that in the past 50 years, the landscape fragmentation index has decreased from 0.94 to 0.89, and the Shannon diversity index has decreased from 1.44 to 1.28. The fragmentation of the oasis landscape has shown a slowing trend overall. Among them, the urban landscape has the lowest degree of fragmentation, showing a trend of first rising and then falling along the fragmentation gradient from the city center to the periphery. In addition, the degree of landscape fragmentation has an inverted U-shaped function relationship with the development of agriculture. When the agricultural expansion is 40%-50% of the oasis area, the degree of landscape fragmentation reaches its peak. Population growth, agricultural expansion, and socio-economic development jointly affect the temporal and spatial patterns of oasis fragmentation. This research not only provides a scientific basis for the analysis of the spatial change of the fragmentation pattern of the arid oasis landscape and the study of driving factors, but also has important significance for the planning and sustainable management of the oasis ecological landscape.
The morphological characteristics of sand dunes are an important part of the study of aeolian geomorphology. This paper takes the dunes in the piedmont of southwestern Qaidam Basin (also known as the southwestern Qaidam sand area) as the research object. Through field work and high-resolution images provided by Google Earth, the spatial distribution pattern of aeolian geomorphology was analyzed and described. The results show that: (1) Based on the principle of morphological-dynamic, the study area is divided into 12 types; In terms of development scale, simple sand dunes account for a large proportion, while complex and compound sand dunes account for a small proportion; In terms of morphological characteristics, it is dominated by transverse dunes. (2) Based on the spatial change characteristics of sand dune types, the study area is divided into 5 sub-regions. Wind conditions and rivers are the main factors that cause the differences. (3) The analysis of the morphological parameters shows that the development scale of sand dunes is small, which is related to the short development time and the lack of sand source. There is a good linear correlation between width (w) and height (h), that is w=9.47h+14.89. The height (h) of the main sand dunes has a power function relationship with the spacing (λ), and the power exponent n is less than 1. This article has enriched the research content of the Qaidam Basin, laid the foundation for the dune development and evolution model, and has important reference value for the sand control and safe operation of the Ge-Ku Railway.
The main supply of soil water comes from precipitation, which determines the changes of soil water patterns spatially and temporally in arid and semi-arid areas. Precipitation also plays a key role in the supply of soil water at different soil depths in sandy areas. In this study, the hydro 1D model with optimized parameters was used to analyze the variation characteristics of soil water leakage at different depths of 10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 cm in the mobile dunes of Mu Us Sandy Land and its response to different rainfall patterns. The results showed that the amount of soil water leakage was different at different soil depths in mobile dunes from May to September. The amount of water leakage decreased along the increase of the soil depth from May to August. The amount of water leakage increased along the increase of the soil depth in September. The changes of water leakage was consistent with precipitation. The maximum water leakage occurred in August, that the amount of soil water leakage was 148.51 mm at the depth of 110 cm, accounting for 67.5% of the monthly precipitation. The maximum leakage rate and the maximum leakage amount accompanied with large rainfall events. The amount of rainfall and the initial soil water content jointly determined the soil water leakage rate and duration. The soil water will infiltrate to 110 cm when the rainfall reached to 14.8 mm, and the cumulative leakage reaching the maximum leakage rate is 1.89 mm, accounting for 13.69% of the precipitation. Continuous precipitation events are conducive to recharge the deep water, and they shorten the time when the leakage rate reaches the peak in each soil layer Our results from the estimation of soil water leakage in sandy soils could provide theoretical basis in the assessment of water resources and water demand for ecological construction in arid and semi-arid regions.
Climate change affects the geographical distribution of species. Studying the geographical distribution of species under different climate scenarios is helpful to the species conservation and rational utilization of plant resources. In order to accurately understand the suitable habitat of Hippophae thibetana in China, based on 118 records of species occurrence data, 19 climate and 3 terrain factors, with the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, this research simulated the suitable habitat of H.thibetana under current climate conditions, explored the dominant factors affecting its growth and their thresholds, and examined future distribution under different climate change scenarios(i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) in 2040-2060 and 2060-2080, respectively. The results show that: (1) Under current climate conditions, the area of high suitable habitat is 33.32×104 km2 and the area of suitable habitatis 51.65×104 km2.They are mainly located in Himalayas and Qilian Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau, concentrated in Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan provinces. (2) The most significant factors affecting the distribution of H.thibetana are elevation, precipitation of the driest quarter, mean temperature of coldest quarter. The suitable elevation is 2 500-4 800 m. The suitable precipitation of the driest season ranges from 200 mm to 420 mm. The suitable mean temperature of coldest season ranges from -12 ℃ to 0 ℃. (3) Under different climate change scenarios in the future, the area of unsuitable habitat would significantly increase, while the others would reduce. This results may be useful for the protection, development and plantation of H.thibetana.
Ecological stoichiometry is one of the important researches directions of desert ecosystems, in which the relationship between the contents and ratios of main elements in biological organisms is studied, in order to reveal the elemental circulation rules among the components of the ecosystem. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the ecological stoichiometry of C, N and P in water and nutrient limited situations is of great significance to reveal the judgment of plant restrictive elements in desert ecosystems, the supply capacity of soil nutrients, and the availability of nutrients. In this paper, the latest researches trends and progresses of ecological stoichiometry of C, N and P in desert ecosystems were reviewed based on the stoichiometry of C, N and P in plants, litters, soil, soil microorganisms and soil enzymes. The relationships among plant-soil- microorganism-enzyme were also discussed. Finally, the future research directions of ecological stoichiometry of C, N and P in desert ecosystems were put forward. We do hope this review could provide theoretical guidance for the comprehensive understanding of the evolution process, stability maintenance mechanism and scientific management of sand-fixing revegetation.
Deep soil recharge (DSR) is an important indicator of the connectivity between surface water and groundwater in sandy land. In order to analyze the characteristics of DSR in different sandy land with different precipitation gradients, this study used a newly designed Lysimeter to monitor the amount of DSR in 0-200 cm depth soil layer by the annual precipitation of mobile dunes in real time. The results of the study showed that the annual precipitation amount in the Hunshandake Sandy Land from 2017 to 2019 was 229.9±45.6 mm, the average annual leakage was 8.2±7.4 mm, and the annual DSR accounted for 3.1%±2.3% of the annual precipitation. The average annual precipitation in Mu Us Sandy Land from 2013 to 2015 was 328.1±61.1 mm, the average annual DSR was 64.1±58.3 mm, and the annual DSR accounted for 17.0%±13.7% of the annual precipitation in the same period. The DSR of the mobile sandy dunes in the Hunshandake Sandy Land was mainly due to the continuous but small amount of precipitation recharge. Among the precipitation events, the daily recharge amount of less than 0.25 mm of DSR was more frequent. On the contrary, the daily recharge amount of more than 0.25 mm of DSR was more frequent in the Mu Us sandy land. When the precipitation was small, the DSR was mainly continuous, long-term, but small amount. Large precipitation amount or continuous small precipitation events not only significantly increased the amount of DSR, but also made the delay time of DSR shorter, and the fluctuation frequency of precipitation fluctuation was consistent with the fluctuation frequency of DSR.
Desert ecosystem is an essential part of the terrestrial ecosystem in China, with a unique structure and function. Ecological stoichiometry focuses on the ratio of C, N, and P chemical elements, and their balance relationships have become a powerful tool for revealing ecological processes such as nutrient cycles and limitations in ecosystems. Plants have the ability to regulate nutrient elements among organs and respond to environmental changes. Soil C∶N∶P characterizes changes in soil nutrient supply capacity and storage. There is also a close relationship between N and P nutrient circulation in plant-soil system. From the perspectives of plant-organ element stoichiometry, plant-soil stoichiometry characteristics and its influencing factors at the regional scale, the role of C∶N∶P stoichiometric balance in the process of ontogeny, population dynamics and community structure formation, and interrelationships of ecological stoichiometry in plant-soil systems, we discussed the research progress of ecological stoichiometry of desert ecosystems in China in the past ten years and looked forward to the future research content.
Hailiutu River Basin (HRB) is the representative watershed of Maowusu sandy land. This paper takes the basin as a unit to carry out the research, which will provide a scientific basis for the allocation of water resources. In this paper, the new hydrogeological parameter zoning was obtained by innovatively combining the subdivision of aquifer thickness and groundwater depth with wavelet image fusion by systematically analyzing the aquifer distribution and groundwater distribution characteristics of HRB. The results show that the Quaternary and Cretaceous in HRB are the huge thick aquifer system, and the Cretaceous aquifer gradually thickens from south to north. The watershed is rich in groundwater resources. The Kriging index model is suitable for the interpolation of the groundwater level in HRB, and the groundwater level obtained by the model is about 0-43 m, among which the area with groundwater level of more than 3 m accounts for the main part of the basin. The image fusion technology using Symlets wavelet function as discrete wavelet transform has a strong applicability to the hydrogeological parameter zoning of HRB.
The arid and semi-arid regions cover more than half of China's land area, which are sensitive to global climate change and human activities with fragile ecological environment. Extreme climate events are frequent and strong in those regions, where the climate anomalies are not only modulated by the internal atmospheric variability, but also affected by the underlying surfaces such as sea surface temperature, sea ice and snow cover. These physical factors play a key role in the climate anomalies in arid and semi-arid regions. This article systematically reviews and sorts out the effects of these physical factors on climate anomalies in arid and semi-arid regions of China. Studies have shown that atmospheric teleconnection is an internal influencing factor of climate anomalies, and the circulation anomalies caused by its phase transition will cause climate anomalies in arid and semi-arid regions by regulating the position of jet stream, planetary wave activity, blocking intensity, and the location of trough-ridge. Sea surface temperature affects the climate anomalies in arid and semi-arid regions by influencing the intensity of monsoon and Walker circulation and the location of western Pacific subtropical high, in the meantime stimulating the response of atmospheric Rossby waves. Moreover, snow cover changes the thermal conditions of the underlying surfaces such as surface radiation and soil temperature and humidity through the albedo effect and hydrological effect, and then has a significant effect on the temperature and precipitation in arid and semi-arid regions by diabatic heating or changing atmospheric baroclinicity. On the basis of summarizing the existing research progresses and achievements, the paper points out that the synergistic mechanism among different factors and the contribution of each factor to the climate anomalies in the arid and semi-arid regions of China still need further research.
According to the requirement from the First National Conference on Combating Desert in November, 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized rapidly the Scientific Investigation Team for Combating Deserts (SITCD, CAS) in the January, 1959 and carried out fieldwork soon, which was the maximal national desert comprehensive survey up to now with the widest areas, the most complete majors, the most diverse team members, and the most concentrated campaigns. This paper, as the pioneering part (1) of the practice on prevention and control of aeolian desertification and the development of desert science in China for 70 years, briefly retrospect the results and experience from a smaller scale desert survey in 1957 and 1958, which was cooperative implemented by Chinese Academy of Sciences and Academy of Sciences of the USSR, and talk over the achievement and positive impacts from the desert comprehensive survey of the Scientific Investigation Team for Combating Deserts, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1959. Based on the references and available data, every Investigation Team Branch for different desert and Gobi in Northern China had reported the progression of field-survey and the analysis and research mostly focused on the distribution of deserts/Gobi, different genetic types, sand material source area, hazards of sand blown, desert control measures, socioeconomic status, agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry production. We also specially discus and praise highly the followings milestone events such as (1) the pioneering and development of desert science is the practiced paragon of “task promoting subject development”, (2) “national demand is our first choice” radiated the scientist’s enthusiasm and dedication spirit during 1950s, (3) professional selection and prominent contribution of 8 distinguished scientists, and (4) the international cooperation assisted development of desert science in China.
Herbs play an important role in the process of vegetation restoration in sandy land ecosystem. It is very important to study the vegetation changes and its relationship with soil factors in natural sandy land restoration. This study focused on the vegetation composition and its relationship with soil physicochemical properties along 12-year, 17-year and 20-year restoration gradient in Horqin sandy grassland. The results showed that: with the restoration processing, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available potassium and slow-acting potassium increased significantly; plant species richness increased gradually; the proportion of Gramineae increased, while the proportions of Compositae and Chenopodiaceae decreased; The proportion of annual and biannual plant species decreased, while the proportion of perennial plant species increased; the vegetation height, coverage and above-ground biomass of herbaceous plants increased significantly; the species richness, dominance and diversity indices increased by 30.16%, 10.86% and 21.81% from 12-year to 20-year restoration, respectively; The plant community composition were mainly affected by soil water content (contribution rate of 30.77%) and soil available nutrients (contribution rates of available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium are 16.67%, 13.74%, and 7.69%, respectively) along sandy grassland restoration gradient. The results indicated that soil water content and soil available nutrients are the main factors affecting the restoration procedure of degraded sandy grassland in Horqin Sandy Land.
Under the background of global climate change, the precipitation pattern in semi-arid areas in northern China will show the trend of increasing precipitation time fluctuation and extreme precipitation events, which will inevitably have a direct impact on the desert vegetation ecosystem. Artemisia ordosica is an important constructive species in semi-arid desert ecosystems. To study the response characteristics of its growth and biomass allocation under different rainfall patterns can provide a theoretical basis for exploring the adaptation mechanisms of desert plants in the context of global climate change. In this study, using artificial rain control methods, setting up a two-factor cross-experimental design of precipitation (increased by 30%, decreased by 30%, natural precipitation) and precipitation interval (5, 10, 15 d) to monitor the growth and development of A. ordosica response of growth and development morphological parameters and aboveground biomass and underground biomass distribution to the change of precipitation patterns. The results showed that: (1) the change of precipitation has a significant effect on plant height of A. ordosica (P<0.05), and a 30% reduction in precipitation can significantly reduce the plant height of A. ordosica. Under the condition of consistent precipitation intervals, a 30% increase in precipitation can significantly promote the increase of aboveground biomass. (2) the precipitation interval had a significant impact on the plant height and crown width of Artemisia ordosica (P<0.05), and the rain interval was extended from 5 d to 15 d. Plant height and crown width of A. ordosica were inhibited. When the total precipitation was fixed, the aboveground and underground biomass and total biomass of A. ordosica were significantly increased with the extension of precipitation interval (15 d). (3) precipitation and precipitation interval have interactive effects on the root-shoot ratio of A. ordosica, the effect of total precipitation on the root-shoot ratio depends on the length of precipitation interval. Changing the biomass allocation pattern is an important strategy for A. ordosica to adapt to changing of water resources environment. Under the trend of changing rainfall pattern in the future, the dual effects of precipitation and precipitation interval should be paid more attention to in the vegetation construction and management of desert ecosystems.
In order to analyze the phenotypic difference between fasciated stems and normal stems in Salix psammophila, phenotypic comparison and statistical analysis were carried out on the changes of external morphology and anatomical structure of the annual and biennial fasciated stem of S. psammophila. It was found that the fascinated stem was obviously flat, and the top of the stem showed spikelike twisted downward. The pith of the fasciated stem was oblate, and wood rays were radially distributed without the pith as the origin, and some wood rays tend to be parallel. And the number of vascular bundles, xylem thickness, phloem thickness, and the number of vessel all increased significantly, but the diameter of vessel did not. This fasciated phenotype continued to appear after cutting propagation. This study showed that fascinated stems of S. psammophila are significantly different from the wild-type S. psammophila, and cutting propagation can maintain the stable inheritance of this fascinated trait. The research on fasciated phenotype provides a research basis for analyzing the formation cause and mechanism.